Migratory orientation of red-eyed vireos,Vireo olivaceus,in relation to energetic condition and ecological context

How and when migrants integrate directional information from different sources may depend not only on the bird’s internal state, including fat stores, but also on the ecological context during passage. We designed experiments to (1) examine the influence of stored fat on the decision to migrate and on the choice of migratory direction and (2) investigate how the integration of orientation cue information is tied to energetic status in relation to migration across an ecological barrier. Migratory orientation of red-eyed vireos (Vireo olivaceus) at twilight was recorded using two different techniques, orientation cage experiments and free-flight release tests, during both fall and spring migration. During fall migration, the amount of stored fat proved decisive for directional selections of the vireos. Fat birds chose directions in accordance with migration across the Gulf of Mexico. Lean birds oriented either parallel to the coast line (cage tests) or moved inland (free-flight releases). Whereas only fat birds showed significant responses to experimental deflections of the geomagnetic field, lean birds displayed a tendency to shift their activity in the expected direction, making it difficult to evaluate the prediction that use of the magnetic compass is context dependent. Fat loads also had a significant effect on the decision to migrate, i.e., fat individuals were more likely to embark on migration than were lean birds (true for both cage and release experiments). During spring migration, a majority of experimental subjects were classified as lean, following their arrival after crossing the Gulf of Mexico, and oriented in seasonally appropriate directions. The vireos also showed significant responses to experimental deflections of the geomagnetic field regardless of their energetic status. Free-flight release experiments during spring migration revealed a significant difference in mean directions between clear sky and overcast tests. The difference may indicate a compensatory response to wind drift or possibly a need for celestial cues to calibrate the magnetic compass. Finally, this is the first demonstration of magnetic compass orientation in a North American vireo. Received: 15 December 1995/Accepted after revision: 24 March 1996     

The environmental and ethical implications of lead shot contamination of rural lands in North America

Lead shot deposited in fields and woodlands near shooting rangesand intense, upland, hunting adds an enormous tonnage of lead toenvironments, worldwide. This contamination is not remedied bybanning lead shot use only for waterfowl hunting. Lead pelletsdisintegrate extremely slowly, during which time they may beingested from the soil by wild birds, livestock, or silage-makingmachinery, and cause sublethal or fatal lead poisoning. Leadpellet corrosion products contaminate soil, surface waters, andground waters, often exceeding permissible levels. Plants do notconcentrate much lead from the soil, except when grown in acidicsoils of heavily-contaminated shooting ranges. Inheavily-contaminated sites, earthworms ingest leadcompounds which are bioaccumulated in higher consumersof food webs. Non-toxic substitutes made from steelor bismuth are available internationally and areeffective for all types of hunting and targetshooting. Many nations are slow to require their use,despite the marked awareness of the problems of leadshot contamination and toxicosis. This is due tohunters and international sport shooting organizationsopposing the use of non-toxic substitutes and overtemphasis by government agencies on the burden ofscientific proof for every situation, rather thantaking preventative action according to thePrecautionary Principle. The ethical approach ofDenmark and The Netherlands, which banned all uses oflead shot, is advocated as a precedent for othernations to adopt.     

社会需要的两极保障与社会的稳定发展——关于灾害的若干社会学思考

本文从社会需要的两极保障是社会稳定与发展的前提出发,论述了社会需要、自然环境与灾害的关系;并从发展生产与引导人的需要两方面阐述了维护生态平衡是减灾工作的重点途径之一。     

多种材料对水中氨氮的吸附特性

针对黑臭水体中氨氮难以去除的问题,选取沸石、麦饭石、硅藻土、膨润土和活性炭这5种材料,通过实验考察所选材料对水中氨氮的吸附性能.结果表明,准二级动力学方程更加适用于5种材料的数据拟合,得出最大吸附量分别为2. 067 3、0. 998 2、0. 758 0、1. 748 6和1. 016 0 mg·g~(-1),且接近实验值,因此化学吸附是主要的吸附方式;采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温方程对数据进行拟合,得出硅藻土更适合Langmuir等温方程,属于单层吸附,其他4种材料则更加适合Freundlich等温方程为多层分子吸附,且5种材料的吸附都为有利吸附;通过投加量实验得知,沸石、硅藻土、膨润土和活性炭对氨氮去除率随投加量增加而升高,最大去除率分别为100%、10. 46%、49. 25%和16. 87%,而麦饭石先升高后降低,投加量为0. 4g时,取得最大值为48. 85%;在p H为4～10,沸石和麦饭石吸附量先增加后减少,而硅藻土、膨润土和活性炭的吸附量缓慢升高; 5种材料氨氮解吸量随初始浓度升高而升高.     

外源菌剂联合柠檬酸强化龙葵修复土壤镉污染

设置对照（CK）、摩西球囊霉菌（GM）、摩西球囊霉菌+柠檬酸（GM+CA）、摩西球囊霉菌+巨大芽孢杆菌（GM+BM）和摩西球囊霉菌+巨大芽孢杆菌+柠檬酸（GM+BM+CA）这5个处理,通过测定土壤全Cd、有效Cd和植株Cd吸收量及微生物群落变化,分析了外源菌剂和柠檬酸添加对龙葵修复Cd污染效果的影响.结果表明,相对于CK处理,GM处理龙葵根、茎和叶生物量显著增加35.67%、41.35%和65.38%,GM+BM+CA处理龙葵根和茎生物量显著增加73.38%和75.38%.GM处理提高了龙葵各部位Cd含量但差异不显著,GM+BM+CA处理龙葵叶部的Cd含量显著提高79.34%.GM处理龙葵茎和叶Cd累积量显著提高47.51%和89.58%.GM+BM+CA处理龙葵叶部Cd累积量显著提高226.84%.GM+BM+CA处理显著增加了Cd由龙葵茎向叶的转运系数,增幅为52.47%.GM+BM+CA处理显著增加了叶的富集系数,增幅为120.53%.此外,联合修复对根际微生物群落结构也产生了影响,特别体现在诱导某些关键微生物类群,如变形菌门、放线菌门、球囊菌门和油壶菌门相对丰度增加2.00%~5.77%、0.76%~9.96%、2.11%~3.63%和0.54%~2.98%.RDA分析发现变形菌门和放线菌门与土壤全Cd呈显著负相关,球囊菌门和油壶菌门与土壤全Cd呈负相关.关键微生物的变化增强了龙葵吸收根际养分和抗Cd胁迫的能力,提高龙葵Cd累积能力,有效降低土壤全Cd含量.综上,摩西球囊霉菌、柠檬酸与巨大芽孢杆菌通过共接种的方式活化了土壤中的难溶态Cd,有助于龙葵富集更多的Cd,同时也与摩西球囊霉菌产生联合修复的效果.富集植物-微生物联合修复Cd污染土壤有较好的应用潜力.     

土壤调理剂对镉污染稻田修复效果

选用森美思、CCT01、矿物质和特贝钙这4种土壤调理剂,在萍乡地区受镉(Cd)污染稻田开展大田控镉试验,探讨4种调理剂对土壤pH、容重、有机质、速效养分、质地和微团聚体等理化性质及土壤有效态Cd和糙米Cd含量的影响.研究结果表明与对照相比,添加土壤调理剂提高了土壤pH值、容重和阳离子交换量;其中森美思和CCT01土壤调理剂使土壤粉粒和黏粒增加,砂粒减少,而矿物质和特贝钙土壤调理剂使粉粒和黏粒减少,砂粒增加;除CCT01土壤调理剂外,施用土壤调理剂增加了大粒级团聚体,而减少小粒级微团聚体.土壤调理剂对土壤理化性质的影响促进污染土壤中的Cd由活性高的形态向活性低的形态转化,从而降低了土壤有效态Cd含量(5. 21%～34. 78%)和糙米中Cd含量(51. 39%～68. 06%).相关性分析表明,糙米Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd和有效磷呈显著的正相关关系,而与土壤pH和容重呈显著的负相关关系.从土壤和糙米降镉率及对理化性质的影响考虑,特贝钙土壤调理剂修复效果最佳,其次是森美思和矿物质土壤调理剂.     

水铝钙石对不同镉污染农田重金属的钝化效果及机制

水铝钙石(Ca-Al-LDHs)是一种新型的层状复合金属氢氧化物,具有较大的比表面积、良好的阴离子交换性能和高稳定性的优点.本研究选择高Cd污染农田、中Cd污染农田和低Cd污染农田3种不同Cd污染水平的自然农田土壤作为研究对象.通过室内钝化实验,探讨水铝钙石对3种Cd污染农田土壤Cd、Pb、Zn有效态的变化规律以及形态转换的影响,进一步采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)初步探讨其钝化机制.结果表明,在高中低这3种Cd污染土壤中,水铝钙石均能够增加土壤pH,降低Cd、Pb和Zn的有效态含量,其中Cd有效态含量最大降幅分别为97. 7%、96. 3%和91. 8%.水铝钙石促使高Cd污染土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn的可交换态转化成活性低的碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化态和残渣态,高Cd污染土壤的钝化效果优于中低污染土壤.水铝钙石的吸附作用、层间离子交换作用以及表面羟基和羧基等活性官能团的配位反应,在很大程度上降低了土壤重金属的生物有效性.因此,水铝钙石可有效应用于Cd、Pb、Zn等重金属污染农田的钝化修复.     

有色金属尾矿库土地复垦与环境治理效益估算研究进展

有色金属矿山选矿形成的尾矿库是潜在的高风险重金属污染源,闭库后应及时进行土地复垦与环境治理.有色金属尾矿库的综合整治效果如何,可以通过合理的效益估算来分析,有效的效益估算往往涉及多学科领域的专业知识.在归纳总结国内外有色金属尾矿库复垦治理效益相关研究的基础上,系统地阐述了复垦治理经济效益、社会效益和生态环境效益的概念、内容及其估算方法.对已有有色金属尾矿库复垦治理效益估算的研究表明:尾矿库复垦的直接经济效益较小,主要是估算复垦区内植物的经济收益以及采用收益还原法估算复垦土地的增值收益;社会效益主要是采用价值法和替代法针对增加就业和社会保障进行估算,较少关注复垦治理对社会其他方面的贡献;生态环境效益估算方法主要包括污染损失率法、生态服务价值法及环境价值法等,但与复垦治理技术措施结合较少,效益估算对复垦治理措施优化的作用较弱.总体来看,有色金属尾矿库复垦治理效益估算的内容涵盖不够全面,尚未形成适合重度重金属污染尾矿库特点的效益估算体系,效益估算准确性较低.因此,合理确定尾矿库复垦治理效益估算的内容、完善效益估算方法及其数学模型、合理确定模型参数,是有色金属闭库尾矿库土地复垦与环境治理效益估算进一步研究的重点内容.有效的效益估算可为优化有色金属尾矿库复垦治理措施、寻求最佳复垦治理模式及确定复垦治理的资金投入提供依据.      

骨炭粉对Cd污染农田的修复效果与稳定性评价

为了探明骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及稳定性,以潮土与红壤Cd污染农田土壤为对象,基于土壤Cd有效态、作物降Cd率（DR,%）及降Cd失活率（IR,%）等指标,研究田间条件下施用3种浓度（0.25%、0.50%及1.0%）骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及120,360d后修复效果的稳定性.结果表明：骨炭粉处理均能有效促进潮土与红壤中作物生长,增加作物产量.施用骨炭粉能不同程度提高土壤中pH值、阳离子交换量（CEC）、全磷及有效磷含量;其中,0.5%和1.0%骨炭粉处理均显著（P<0.05）提高土壤pH值、土壤全磷及有效磷含量.与对照相比,不同骨炭粉处理120d后潮土和红壤中有效态Cd含量分别降低32.1%~48.4%、32.8%~56.2%,360d后土壤中有效态Cd仍然显著低于对照,降幅为26.9%~37.8%、25.8%~39.5%.对修复后三季作物Cd吸收测定结果表明,与对照相比,不同浓度（0.25%~1.0%）骨炭粉处理的第一季作物降Cd率（DR_-Cd）分别达36.0%~60.4%、33.9%~58.2%,作物降Cd率随骨炭粉施用量增加而增加.基于降Cd失活率（IR_-Cd）对骨炭粉修复效果的稳定性测定结果表明,潮土与红壤施用骨炭粉360d后,第三季作物降Cd失活率IR_-Cd为21.2%~34.7%和6.2%~21.6%,表明在酸性红壤中修复效果的稳定性大于潮土.综上骨炭粉对Cd污染土壤的修复效果及其稳定性结果表明,骨炭粉在Cd污染农田土壤修复中具有较大应用价值.     

稻田镉污染原位钝化修复及磷积累与迁移特征

选择苏南某镉（Cd）污染稻田,研究钙镁磷肥和钙铝水滑石2种钝化修复材料对Cd污染土壤原位钝化修复的效果,并且探讨含磷钝化剂的使用对水土环境磷累积与迁移特征的影响.结果表明：施用2种钝化剂后均能有效降低土壤中有效态Cd的含量,且随着钝化时间的推移,有效态Cd含量均呈现稳定缓慢降低的趋势,在施加钝化剂16周后达到最低,不同处理的钝化效果依次为：1500kg/hm²钙镁磷肥>6000kg/hm²钙铝水滑石>750kg/hm²钙镁磷肥,各处理有效态Cd比施加前分别降低了54.5%、50.3%以及46.9%.各处理在不同阶段的土壤pH值与有效态Cd含量呈显著负相关.施用钙镁磷肥作为钝化剂会加快土壤中磷的累积,且随着施用量的增加60~90cm深度渗漏水中总磷和溶解性磷酸盐含量有明显升高趋势.