含硫废水电净化工艺试验研究

对电氧化处理含硫废水的工艺和机理进行了探讨和模拟实验。在容积为１０Ｌ，ｐＨ７０～１００，Ｓ２－浓度５０～１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤＣｒ２６０～２７００ｍｇ／Ｌ的无隔离电净化槽液中，温度３０～６０℃，槽压３～５Ｖ，通过电量０８～３６Ａｈ／Ｌ时，脱硫率与ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率分别达９３％和８５％，每ｋｇ硫能耗４９５ｋＷ·ｈ或每污水耗能２００ｋＷ·ｈ。处理成本为氧化脱硫或汽提脱硫的１／３～１／２。     

某新型航空材料加速腐蚀当量关系试验研究

目的编制某新型航空材料加速腐蚀试验环境谱。方法开展该材料试件电化学腐蚀试验,利用极化曲线分析法得出该材料于典型Na Cl溶液浓度、温度下的开路电位和腐蚀电流,并结合当量折算法,利用腐蚀电流比值,得到其于典型Na Cl溶液条件下的当量关系。结果新型合金钢材料的腐蚀电流在35℃条件下随着Na Cl浓度的升高而升高,在3.5%Na Cl浓度的条件下随着温度的升高而升高。结论以不同环境条件为基准,当量关系具体数值有变化。     

正渗透技术研究现状及进展

作为一种新型膜处理技术,正渗透技术自20世纪50年代建立以来,在环保、能源、海水淡化等领域受到越来越广泛的关注;其经历了从实验室研究,中试实验,到少量的商业化应用,技术日臻完善.本文综合了国内外相关文献的信息,从正渗透膜制备、浓差极化、汲取液及正渗透应用等四方面对正渗透技术的研究现状及进展进行了综述,并分析了其应用过程中存在的缺陷和未来发展趋势.正渗透技术的研发虽取得了显著进展,但仍存在应用瓶颈.正渗透膜仍存在对某些污染物的截留率不高、支撑层内浓差极化大、造价较贵等问题;影响浓差极化的因素尽管已经比较清楚,但至今尚无有效大幅度降低甚至消除内浓差极化的方法;汲取液存在反向渗透较重、回收过程能耗较大等问题;正渗透技术的应用范围,特别是在工业废水处理领域还需拓展.     

正渗透技术在水和废水处理中的应用研究

正渗透(Forward osmosis,FO)技术是一种由渗透压驱动的膜技术,与传统的机械压力驱动的膜技术相比,具有出水水质高、能耗低、操作压力小、设备简单易操作、污染小等特点,近年来在水和废水处理的研究领域受到越来越多的关注.但FO技术目前仍然存在一些问题,如浓差极化、膜污染、汲取液溶质返混和汲取液的后处理等,使之目前仍未得到广泛的应用.本文对已有FO技术的相关文献进行较为全面系统的归纳,介绍了FO技术的原理,以及在海水脱盐、市政污水处理、特种废水处理等领域的应用,讨论了影响FO运行的主要因素(主要包括FO膜、汲取液、原水性质和运行条件等方面),并着重阐述了FO技术目前存在的问题(浓差极化、膜污染、汲取液溶质返混和汲取液的后处理).最后,对FO技术未来的研究和发展方向给出了建议.     

Conductive-diamond electrochemical oxidation of chlorpyrifos in wastewater and identification of its main degradation products by LC-TOFMS

The electrochemical transformation of the organophosphorous insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) was investigated in wastewater. The oxidation of CPF was carried out in a single-compartment electrochemical flow cell working under batch operation mode, using diamond-based material as anode and stainless steel as cathode. In order to evaluate its persistence and degradation pathway, two different concentration levels (1.0 mg L⁻¹ and 0.1 mg L⁻¹) were studied. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used for evaluation of the initial and electrolyzed solutions. The identification of CPF transformation products was performed by liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS). Results showed that CPF is completely removed at the end of treatment time. Analysis by LC-TOFMS allowed the identification of six degradation products (with Mw 154, 170, 197, 305 321 and 333). Three of the identified intermediates (Mw 170, 305 and 321) were completely removed at the end of electrolysis time. Interestingly, the formation of diethyl 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2yl phosphate (chlorpyrifos oxon) and 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol was also found in previous reported degradation pathways using different degradation technologies.     

Non-biological inhibition-based sensing (NIBS) demonstrated for the detection of toxic arsenic compounds

This work demonstrates the success of a recently developed technique in chemical amplification, non-biological inhibition-based sensing (NIBS), for the detection of toxic arsenic compounds. Screening for toxic arsenic compounds is especially important due to their prevalence in wastewater and water sources. The detection method presented in this work amplifies the chemical response of toxic arsenic compounds by developing a sensor chemistry where the analyte inhibits, rather than enhances, the rate of a catalytic reaction. This technique mimics the work done with enzyme inhibition; however, using non-biological molecules allows for selective detection without the shelf-life issue associated with biological molecules. Using NIBS we find that we can enhance the sensitivity of the system by two orders of magnitude with no apparent loss in selectivity. This work demonstrates the versatility of NIBS, showing that the technique can be of general use for the detection of toxic compounds.     

电气石自发电极性对溶液pH和亚硝化胞菌生长影响研究

电气石具有自发电极性,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析不同煅烧温度处理下电气石的变化,研究并探讨电气石自发电极性对溶液pH的影响；并借助微生物检测手段,研究电气石自发电极性对微生物生长的影响.结果表明,电气石能调节溶液pH至弱碱性,煅烧温度为800℃时,由于电气石晶胞体积的缩小,电极性增强,pH显著上升(9.8)；煅烧温度为1 000℃时,BO3原子团振动峰消失,羟基振动峰和Si-O-Si对称伸缩振动峰强度明显减弱,自发电极性消失,不再具有调节pH的作用.电气石可明显促进亚硝化细菌生长繁殖,缩短细菌适应期,提前进入稳定期,大幅增加细菌数量,5d后投加电气石组中亚硝化单胞菌数量为9.66×108个/mL,远多于对照组中亚硝化单胞菌的数量(8.04×10 7个/mL).     

Degradation of caffeine by conductive diamond electrochemical oxidation

The use of Conductive-Diamond Electrochemical Oxidation (CDEO) and Sonoelectrochemical Oxidation (CDSEO) has been evaluated for the removal of caffeine of wastewater. Effects of initial concentration, current density and supporting electrolyte on the process efficiency are assessed. Results show that caffeine is very efficiently removed with CDEO and that depletion of caffeine has two stages depending on its concentration. At low concentrations, opposite to what it is expected in a mass-transfer controlled process, the efficiency increases with current density very significantly, suggesting a very important role of mediated oxidation processes on the removal of caffeine. In addition, the removal of caffeine is faster than TOC, indicating the formation of reaction intermediates. The number and relative abundance of them depend on the operating conditions and supporting electrolyte used. In chloride media, removal of caffeine is faster and more efficiently, although the occurrence of more intermediates takes place. CDSEO does not increase the efficiency of caffeine removal, but it affects to the formation of intermediates. A detailed characterization of intermediates by liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry seems to indicate that the degradation of caffeine by CDEO follows an oxidation pathway similar to mechanism proposed by other advanced oxidation processes.     

Comparative Electrochemical Methods to Determine Fluoride Traces in NaCl

Fluoridated salt is an effective method to reduce dental decay in the population at large, in particular in settings where the more frequently used method of fluoridated water is not feasible due to unreliable water supplies. A salient problem of regular dosage and monitoring of fluoride in salt is its variable level at the industrial level. To evaluate the relative advantages of the present monitoring method used in Mexico, samples of domestic fluoridated salt were analysed by two comparative methods to determine their fluoride content. One of the methods employed was the relevant Mexican Offcial Norm (based on an acetic acid, sodium chloride, trans-1,2-diamine, cyclohexane N,N,N',N' tetracetic acid buffer solution) and the other was an alternative electrochemical methodology (based on an acetic acid, sodium chloride, sodium citrate buffer solution). The cost of the chemicals involved and simplicity of the alternative method, along with the equivalent precision of its results, makes it an interesting choice for the large scale analysis of fluoridated salt.