高原夏季西风异常年500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡特征及其与我国降水的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR日平均再分析资料及中国596个测站日降水资料，采用带通滤波、小波功率谱、合成分析、相关分析等方法对青藏高原夏季西风异常年500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡特征及其与我国降水和大气环流的关系进行了分析，结果表明：青藏高原夏季500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡以40～60 d周期为主；该季节内振荡在高原西风异常年份表现出异常的传播特征；且高原西风增强年份，我国30°N~40°N范围内的低频降水与高原低频纬向风几乎为同位相，30°N以南地区的低频降水与高原低频纬向风几乎为反位相，东北地区的低频降水落后于高原低频纬向风约1/4位相；高原西风减弱年份，江淮以北的我国北方大部分地区低频降水与高原低频纬向风几乎同位相，江淮地区的低频降水落后于高原低频纬向风约1/4位相。低频降水与低频环流有较好的配置关系     

卫星遥感与地理信息系统在淮阴市可持续发展中的应用

本文通过淮阴市卫星遥感与地理信息系统应用示范研究的实践,探讨地级市资源环境信息系统在国土规划和区域可持续发展中的应用。     

中国城市居民对青藏高原生态资产的支付意愿——以中国27市为例

青藏高原作为一个独特的生态—地理单元,其多种生态系统服务向周边各个区域供给,这种区域差异有可能引起青藏周边地域居民对其生态系统服务的感知不同,进一步影响生态管理对策的制定。选取27个城市,基于13254份网络问卷,通过支付意愿法探究城市居民对青藏高原生态系统服务感知的区域差异及其原因。结果表明:（1）不同区域支付金额存在显著差异,WTP从高到底为东北—华北地区、东南沿海地区、西北地区、中部地区和西南地区,年平均支付金额分别为1185.7元、1021.1元、1012.3元、957.1元和894.7元。（2）总金额中六项生态系统服务的分配比例依次为水源涵养>碳固定>土壤保持>生物多样性保育>污染物净化>美学景观,其中水源涵养和美学景观的比例区域差异小;土壤保持的比例西南和西北地区较大,距平值为1.68%和1.87%;污染物净化沿海地区、西南和中部地区金额分配比例较大,距平值分别为2.04%、2.20%、2.20%;碳固定和生物多样性保育不具备显著的区域差异性。（3）在支付金额的影响程度上,管理意愿>主观认知>客观情况;其中对国家政策响应的积极性与支付金额关联性最大。（4）生态系统服务类型和城市发展水平对支付金额区域差异起主导因素,水源涵养和美学景观各个区域的影响因素相似,一线城市受个人客观情况影响较小;空间距离仅能影响生物基因保育服务与人均月收入的相互关联。研究结果可以为基于利益相关者生态系统服务需求的青藏高原生态资产价值化与管理提供借鉴。     

青藏高原东北部土族家庭能源消费特征

家庭能源消费特征因受地理环境及文化等影响而存在显著的人文空间差异,尤其是对于特色或边远少数民族地区,迫切需要加强相关调查实证研究。基于青海省100户土族家庭的实地调研,从收入水平分组视角考察其能源消费特征,分析家庭能源消费活动的环境效应,并构建物质流模型予以可视化分析。结果表明：土族家庭年人均能源消费量为3473 kgce,以煤炭、薪柴和秸秆等为主;随着收入水平提升,能源消费结构逐渐向多元化转变且对能源重要性的认知逐渐从生物质能源转向商品能源。家庭能源消费导致的年人均CO₂、N₂O、NO_X、SO₂和TSP的产生量分别为1856.87 kg、117.10 g、254.46 g、451.87 g和520.74 g。未来应增强清洁能源利用水平,统筹推进青藏高原地区生活能源消费的可持续转型。     

First in situ UV profile across the UTLS accompanied by ozone measurement over the Tibetan Plateau

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) and ozone can greatly affect human health and the Earth's ecological environment. By deploying a UV radiometer aboard a stratospheric balloon released at Qaidam (QDM) during the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) period in 2019, we provided in situ measurement of the UV profiles from the surface to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), China, for the first time. Based on two in situ UV profiles accompanied by four ozonesonde measurements, this study exhibited detailed variations of downwelling UV and vertical ozone distributions over the TP during the ASM period. The UV differences between the surface and stratospheric balloon flight altitudes were 16.7, 15.8, 12.6 and 18.0 Wm^?2 during the four ozonesonde launches. Due to the diurnal variations in photochemical production and the stratosphere-troposphere exchange, the integrated ozone columns below 30 km ranged from 184.4 to 221.6 DU from four ozonesonde measurements. A positive correlation between UV attenuation and ozone column was exhibited under low cloud cover and clear sky conditions. The results of this study are expected to improve our understanding of UV and ozone properties, as well as their potential effects on terrestrial ecosystems and living environments over this significant plateau.     

博州生态经济建设的对策研究

对博州地区丰富的自然资源,气候条件,优良的环境质量和丰富的物产,以及现有的水资源、森林、草原和矿产资源等优势资源做了全面的介绍,分析发展生态经济的环境背景和有利条件。以农村生态经济建设、新型工业生态经济建设和特色旅游生态经济建设为重点,探讨了博州生态经济建设的对策和措施。为加快区域生态经济建设和发展,实现发展社会经济和保护生态环境的"双赢",建立经济、社会、自然良性循环的复合型生态系统做了有益的探索研究。     

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Integrated pedestrian countermeasures - Potential of head injury reduction combining passive and active countermeasures

A rapid development of both pedestrian passive and active safety, such as pedestrian bonnets/airbags and autonomous braking, is in progress. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential pedestrian head injury reduction from hypothetical passive and active countermeasures compared to an integrated system. The German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) database was queried from 1999 to 2008 for severely (AIS3+) head injured pedestrians when struck by car or van fronts. This, resulted in 54 cases where information was sufficient. The passive countermeasure was designed to mitigate head injuries caused by the bonnet area, A-pillars, and the remaining windscreen area up to 2.1 m wrap around distance (WAD). The active countermeasure was an autonomous braking system, which was activated one second prior to impact if the pedestrian was visible to a forward-looking sensor. The integrated system was a direct combination of the passive and active countermeasures. Case by case the effect from each of the active, passive and integrated systems was estimated. For the integrated system, the influence of the active system on the passive system performance was explicitly modeled in each case. The integrated system resulted in 50% (95% confidence interval: 30-70%) greater effectiveness than the active countermeasure in reducing the number of pedestrians sustaining severe (AIS3+) head injuries, and 90% (95% CI: 50-150%) greater effectiveness than the passive countermeasure. Integrated systems of passive and active pedestrian countermeasures offer a considerably increased potential for head injury reduction compared to either of the two systems alone.     

内蒙古自治区地质灾害与地质环境的关系分析

地质灾害的形成受地质环境条件中多种要素的综合控制,二者之间密切相关.这些要素包括地形地貌、气象特征、植被生态、地层岩性、地质构造、岩土体类型、人类工程活动.根据内蒙古自治区内地质灾害调查工作的研究程度及区内地质灾害的自身特点,以区内已发生灾害的大量统计数据为基础,定性分析了在何种地质环境条件下,才可能发育崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷灾害;定量分析了地形坡度、地形高差、沟谷流域特征、降雨量在某一具体分布范围内,才容易发育某种地质灾害;同时论述了人类工程活动对地质灾害的诱发作用.     

火烧对拉萨地区湿草甸湿地土壤养分特征的影响

基于对拉萨地区典型湿草甸火烧样地与对照样地内表层土壤pH、有机质、全量及速效养分含量特征的对比分析,初步探讨了火烧干扰对高原湿草甸表层土壤特征的影响. 结果表明:土壤pH在6.06~6.85之间,火烧干扰导致土壤pH升高;土壤中w(全氮)、w(全钾)分别为2.35~5.34、23.33~28.72g/kg,火烧干扰使其值下降;火烧对土壤中w(全磷)无明显响应;火烧后土壤中w(有机质)(53.97~144.57g/kg)下降,并且与土壤中w(全氮)的变化趋势一致. 土壤中w(速效氮)的季节性差异较大,火烧干扰使生长季初期表层土壤中的w(速效氮)减少,而在生长季旺盛期则增加,w(速效氮)占w(全氮)的比例变化一致;w(速效磷)在2个生长阶段总体增加,占w(全磷)的比例升高,以平地中变化最为明显;w(速效钾)及其占w(全钾)的比例在生长季初期显著增加,后期则下降明显.