双燃料发动机瞬态工况HC排放特征

采用双燃料增压中冷发动机,模拟了不同转速、转矩、进气流量以及进气温度对HC排放的影响.结果表明,在一定范围内HC排放会随着进气流量和转速增加而升高,随转矩和进气温度的增加而减小.1 600 r/min时HC排放水平高于其他各转速,此转速对应的最高HC排放水平进气流量、转矩和进气温度分别为80 kg/h、30N·m和28℃.对1 600 r/min下各参数进行拟合得出了最大HC排放水平对应的进气流量、转矩和进气温度,拟合效果较好.通过相关性分析,进气温度、转速和进气流量对HC排放影响显著,转矩对HC的排放影响不明显.     

Root causes of hydrocarbon leaks on offshore petroleum installations

Hydrocarbon leaks on offshore installations may result in severe consequences to personnel, to the environment and to assets. In order to prevent such leaks, it is crucial to understand their root causes. The objective of this paper is to study the circumstances of hydrocarbon leaks on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS). In the study, all reported hydrocarbon leaks from process inventories on all offshore installations on the NCS, with an initial leak rate higher than 0.1 kg/s in the period 2008–2014, have been considered. This includes 78 hydrocarbon leaks, of which about 60% have occurred during manual intervention on normally pressurized systems. The dominating activity when leaks occur is preventive maintenance. A significant fraction of the leaks occur during the preparation for maintenance; such a preparation is typically carried out during the night shift. About half of the leaks are associated with wellhead area and manifolds, separation and compression systems. A substantial fraction of the leaks can be associated with verification faults, dominated by the failure to comply with procedural requirements that are needed to carry out independent verification.     

我国电石法生产聚氯乙烯行业汞排放清单

提出了我国电石法聚氯乙烯(PVC)生产全生命周期汞排放清单的计算方法。采用低汞触媒有盐酸脱吸工艺、高汞触媒有盐酸脱吸工艺、高汞触媒无盐酸脱吸工艺的汞输入因子分别为0.045 g/kt、0.091 g/kt和0.122 g/kt,回收产品的汞输出分布因子分别为95.37%、81.97%和97.18%。估算得到:2010年我国电石法PVC生产汞输入量792.8~814.8 t;回收的产品汞705.9~724.4 t,通过大气无组织排放、管道残留以及其他未知途径汞排放79.6~82.8 t;废水汞排放1.3 t;固体废物汞排放3.6~3.7 t;废酸汞排放2.5~2.6 t。回收的产品汞是汞输出的主要途径。     

Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.     

Mathematische Modelle zur Effektabsch?tzung

Zusammenfassung  Die Extrapolation von toxikologischen Daten aus Labortests auf Schwellenwerte für ?kosysteme stellt ein zentrales Problem bei der Effektabsch?tzung im Rahmen der ?kologischen Risikoanalyse dar. Die üblichen statistischen Verfahren werden kurz vorgestellt, bevor Beispiele zur Anwendung von Simulationsmodellen gegeben werden. Ein Verfahren zur Absch?tzung von Schwellenkonzentration für verschiedene Endpunkte mit Hilfe von Monte-Carlo-Simulationen wird vorgestellt und an einem Datensatz für acht Chemikalien mit statistischen Verfahren verglichen. Abschlie?end werden die Vor-und Nachteile gegenübergestellt.      

喷消石灰脱除垃圾焚烧炉尾气中HC1和SO2的试验研究

在日处理200t进口流化床垃圾焚烧炉上，进行烟气喷水降温加上喷消石灰粉末胶除尾气中的酸性气体HC1和SO2的试验研究，HC1和SO2浓度由布袋除尘器出口的在线气体分析仪测得，结果表明HC1和SO2的去除率在Ca/C1摩尔比等于9时分别在80%和20%，说明该法消石灰利用率较低，宜改为半干法脱除HC1和SO2酸性气体以便降低吸收剂用量，提高运行的经济性。     

长江三角洲固定燃烧源排放SO_2,NO_x,CO和HC的分布

本文应用全国排污申报数据 ,按 1 /6°× 1 /6°网格精度估算了 1 995年长江三角洲地区固定燃烧源SO2 、NOx、CO和HC的排放分布。     

南方-125摩托车消声器的改制

改制了南方 - 12 5摩托车消声器结构 ,建设了 5个空腔吸着段 ,建筑 4个空腔催化净化尾气段。通过试车结果得出 :消音器效果良好 ,最好在 5 0km h为 82dB(A) ,而尾气催化净化最好效果为HC全部催化为水蒸汽 ,而CO转化掉2 2 2 18% ,CO2 转换掉 2 4 72 7% ,空气含量也明显增加。此消音器改制简单易懂 ,有利于环境方面的要求 ,如果将此消音器加以推广 ,可有很高的经济价值     

汽油车冷起动排气后处理技术

为满足即将实施密耦催化剂的国家第3阶段排放标准,汽油车排气冷起动问题显得尤为重要。采用如低起燃温度催化剂、密耦催化剂、HC捕集器、二次空气注入和电加热催化剂等在内的排气后处理技术,可以有效地减少污染物尤其是HC的排放。多种处理技术的结合和系统优化能够满足更加严格的排放标准。