通风设施防护效果评价指标研究

当前我国职业病危害形势严峻,尘毒危害是职业病危害防治的重点,而通风设施是预防和控制尘毒危害的重要工程防护措施。阐述了通风设施在职业病危害预防与控制方面的作用,对我国企业现行的新风量、全面通风量、通风换气次数和职业接触限值等通风设施防护效果评价指标、国外普遍采用的控制风速防护效果评价指标以及目前有些机构使用的捕集效率评价指标进行了分析和讨论,对新风量、通风量和通风换气次数在职业病危害预评价和控制效果中的应用进行了研究,并得出了我国需建立健全通风设施防护效果评价指标和评估方法的结论。     

Plasma lipid profiles and risk of cardiovascular disease on occupational exposure in Karimnagar

Occupational exposure is unregulated in developing countries like India, and becoming the most common cause of disease of environmental origin. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of occupational exposure on plasma lipid profiles, and risk of cardiovascular diseases. A total of 79 human volunteers were included in the study. Control subjects were healthy housewives of Karimnagar, India. Occupationally exposed individuals included different occupational workers like petrol station attendants, battery chargers, drivers, welders, pesticide-exposed workers, painters, and auto mechanics. These subjects were shown to be chronic occupationally-exposed for at least three years, and neither associated with any other chronic pathological conditions like hypertension or diabetes, nor under any medication other than analgesics during the month preceding the study. Subjects with excessive high or low caloric intake were excluded from the study. Total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), VLDL cholesterol, LDL/HDL cholesterol, and TC/HDL ratio in these subjects were significantly higher than those in control subjects, whereas HDL cholesterol was not markedly affected. Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), and other anthropometric parameters (body mass index (BMI), body fat index (BFI), body surface area (BSA)) were not significantly different between groups. Data suggest that chronic occupational exposure increases plasma lipid levels and is thereby associated with cardiovascular complications.     

沙尘天气PM10对多种心血管疾病日门诊人数的影响

为研究沙尘天气大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)与心血管系统疾病每日门诊人数的联系,采用半参数广义相加泊松回归模型(GAM),在排除了混杂因素如季节趋势、日历效应、气象因素和时间长期趋势等作用的前提下,分析2004年3月1日~5月31日沙尘暴频发区——甘肃省武威市大气PM10与多种心血管疾病每日门诊相对危险度(RR)的关系.结果表明,PM10与男、女总心血管系统疾病门诊RR均在滞后第2d(lag2)的联系有统计学意义.PM10分别在lag3和lag4对男、女性风湿性心脏病门诊RR的影响有统计学意义; PM10(lag2)与男性高血压门诊RR的联系有统计学意义.PM10在lag2对男性缺血性心血管疾病门诊RR的影响有统计学意义;PM10对男、女性心律失常以及充血性心力衰竭门诊RR的影响均无统计学意义.在调整了SO2和/或NO2后,PM10对男、女性心血管系统疾病门诊RR的作用有所下降,但在统计学上仍有意义.然而在分别调整了其他污染物后,SO2和NO2变得无统计学意义.沙尘天气PM10浓度分类模型分析表明,从正常清洁天、轻度污染天到扬沙天气、沙尘暴天气,随着PM10浓度水平的增大,心血管系统疾病(缺血性心血管疾病、充血性心力衰竭、心律失常、高血压、风湿性心脏病)门诊RR也随之增高,呈现一定的剂量效应关系.沙尘天气可吸入颗粒物可引起暴露居民多种心血管系统疾病(缺血性心血管疾病、充血性心力衰竭、心律失常、高血压、风湿性心脏病)门诊人数增多,且均呈现滞后效应. PM10浓度与心血管系统疾病门诊RR表现为一定的剂量效应关系.PM10浓度与沙尘天气强度有密切关系, 随着PM10浓度与沙尘天气强度的增大,暴露居民心血管系统多种疾病日门诊RR也增大,具体为:正常清洁天＜轻度污染天＜扬沙天＜沙尘暴天.     

The use of failure mode and effects analysis to construct an effective disposal and prevention mechanism for infectious hospital waste

In recent times, the quality of medical care has been continuously improving in medical institutions wherein patient-centred care has been emphasized. Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) has also been promoted as a method of basic risk management and as part of total quality management (TQM) for improving the quality of medical care and preventing mistakes. Therefore, a study was conducted using FMEA to evaluate the potential risk causes in the process of infectious medical waste disposal, devise standard procedures concerning the waste, and propose feasible plans for facilitating the detection of exceptional cases of infectious waste. The analysis revealed the following results regarding medical institutions: (a) FMEA can be used to identify the risk factors of infectious waste disposal. (b) During the infectious waste disposal process, six items were scored over 100 in the assessment of uncontrolled risks: erroneous discarding of infectious waste by patients and their families, erroneous discarding by nursing staff, erroneous discarding by medical staff, cleaning drivers pierced by sharp articles, cleaning staff pierced by sharp articles, and unmarked output units. Therefore, the study concluded that it was necessary to (1) provide education and training about waste classification to the medical staff, patients and their families, nursing staff, and cleaning staff; (2) clarify the signs of caution; and (3) evaluate the failure mode and strengthen the effects.     

室内外空气污染对学龄儿童呼吸系统影响的研究

通过对污染区和对照区 2 0 0 0多名学龄儿童呼吸系统症状、疾病患病率比较 ,并运用非条件 Logistic回归分析方法 ,就室内外空气污染对学龄儿童呼吸系统健康的影响 ,进行了研究。结果显示 ,污染区室内外空气污染较严重 ,大气中TSP、SO2 和 NOx 的浓度均超过国家二级标准 ,其儿童呼吸系统症状、疾病患病率明显高于对照区。对儿童呼吸系统发病有显著影响的环境因素是 :大气污染、被动吸烟、家庭燃煤、冬季取暖和室内油烟污染程度。其中咳嗽与以上五个因素有显著的正相关关系 (P<0 .0 5) ;除被动吸烟外 ,支气管炎与其它四个因素呈显著正相关 (P<0 .0 5) ;咳痰与大气污染、被动吸烟、冬季取暖和室内油烟污染程度 ,气喘和呼吸系统疾病住院率与大气污染和室内油烟污染正相关关系显著 (P<0 .0 5)。哮喘与室内外空气污染无显著的统计学联系     

Vector-Borne Diseases, Development & Climate Change

Vector-borne diseases are feared to extend their range in a future where global warming has occurred. There is considerable concern about scourges such as malaria re-invading currently temperate regions and reaching into higher altitudes in Africa. In this paper we examine the various factors thought to determine potential infectivity of malaria, and its actual outbreak in the context of a dynamic integrated assessment model. We quantify: (i) the role of demographics in placing a larger population in harms way; (ii) the role of climate change in increasing the potential geographic range and severity of the risk of infection; and (iii) the role of economic and social development in limiting the occurrence of malaria. We then explore the climate and economic implications of various climate policies in their effectiveness to limit potential infectivity of malaria. In illustration of these issues we present the climate-related and economics-related impacts of unilateral CO₂ control by OECD on incidence of malaria in non-OECD nations. The model presented here, although highly stylized in its representation of socio-economic factors, provides strong evidence of the role of socio-economic factors in determination of malaria incidence. The case study offers insights into unintended adverse consequences of well-meaning climate policies. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Prenatal diagnosis for Epidermolysis bullosa: a study of 144 consecutive pregnancies at risk

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of inherited disorders characterized by increased skin fragility, resulting in blisters and erosions after minor trauma. Mutations in 10 structural genes expressed in the cutaneous basement membrane zone have been reported. The DebRA Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory at Jefferson Medical College has performed 144 DNA-based prenatal diagnoses since 1993 in families at risk for recurrence of the most severe forms of EB, including the recessive dystrophic EB (RDEB), junctional EB (JEB), EB with pyloric atresia (EB-PA), and EB simplex (EBS). A mutation-detection strategy using either conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) or denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC) scanning analysis, followed by nucleotide sequencing, was applied to most cases with DEB and to all JEB, EB-PA, and EBS families. For some RDEB families, linkage analysis was performed, either alone when the inheritance pattern was clear or in combination with one mutation. Among the 144 prenatal diagnoses, 63 were for RDEB, 69 for JEB, 6 for EB-PA, and 6 for EBS. Twenty-eight normal, 73 heterozygous carrier, and 28 affected RDEB, JEB, and EB-PA pregnancies were reported in these recessively inherited diseases. Two affected and four normal pregnancies were predicted in dominantly inherited EBS. Among the 144 pregnancies, 9 were terminated without confirmation, 13 cases were lost to follow-up, and 6 pregnancies are ongoing. There were 6 families with inconclusive results due either to recombination events between flanking markers, absence of informative markers for one allele, or lack of sample from the previously affected child. There were three discordant results, one that was explained by maternal contamination of the chorionic villus sample and two that were unresolved. Overall, the availability, relative ease, and over 98% success rate make molecular DNA-based prenatal diagnosis a viable option for EB families at risk. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

树木健康与病虫草害的关系分析

本文论述了树木健康与病害、虫害、草害的关系。     

红阳猕猴桃质量体系研究--病虫害及其防治

红阳猕猴桃是国内外首个红肉型新品种,因其肉质好、风味佳而受到消费者好评.为了较快增加产量、提高质量,国家立题开展了全面系统的红阳猕猴桃质量体系研究.病虫害防治是控制质量体系的重要环节,因此,了解红阳猕猴桃的主要病虫害种类及其危害尤为重要.     

职业健康监护分析在某金矿职业病危害预评价中的应用

在职业病危害预评价中职业健康监护分析的目的是发现易感人群,预测项目建成后可能发生的职业病情况.以某金矿职业病危害预评价为例,对类比工程、调研数据以及文献数据中的职业健康监护资料进行了分析,发现凿岩工是白指病、噪声聋、尘肺病三种职业病的易感人群,远远高出其他工种,是本项目职业病危害防护的重点;而采矿场破碎、运输工罹患尘肺病的可能性较大,矿运车司机可能会产生腰椎骨质增生和椎间盘突出,结合职业健康监护分析结果提出了有针对性的职业病危害补充控制措施,避免项目建成后职业病的发生.