物系管理与可持续发展

该文回顾德国自60年代以来,从“末端治理型”环保政策到现在提出“物系管理”的发展变化,介绍了德国环境保护工作的成功与不足。从物系管理的产生背景出发,探讨了物系管理的概念、意义、应用实践、面临的困难。此外,该文还阐明物系管理可以成为促进中国可持续发展的一个及时、有效的工具。     

An economic and environmental framework for analyzing globally sourced auto parts packaging system

Competitive forces are driving US domestic manufacturers to source parts globally, which significantly extends their supply chain and introduces new sustainability concerns. This paper addresses the situation from an operating division manager's perspective. We present an approach to packaging system assessment which considers the division manager's span of control, addresses the design of packaging and the corresponding logistics processes, and incorporates both cost and environmental impacts. A construct familiar to operations managers, the value stream map, is adapted to model material flow of both parts and packages, and an integrated material flow analysis is used as the common basis for cost analysis, a modified life cycle environmental impact analysis, and an energy consumption analysis. The framework is illustrated using a case study of a major US automaker.     

Urban hinterlands—the case of an Israeli town ecological footprint

Modern urban life is characterized by the consumption of materials and energy, which are imported from all over the world and discharge waste that in many cases has a negative impact on ecosystems far from the cities in which they consumed. Indeed, cities cannot survive without worldwide hinterlands for resources and emissions sequestration. The ecological footprint (EF) concept provides valuable insights into the human appropriation of resources relative to earth’s carrying capacity, and therefore it enables us to compare human demands with nature’s supply and provides an indicator of human ecological sustainability. An attempt was made to calculate the EF of Ra’anana, Israel as a case study, to compare the EF-value with the expected for ecological sustainability and to emphasize the dependence on overseas ecosystems. Ra’anana, a town of 67,300 inhabitants in the year 2002, is considered a ‘dormitory town’ with a high quality of life. The EF was calculated using mainly the component method. The calculated EF for Ra’anana is 4.0 ha/resident which means that the required hinterland, located all over the world, is nearly 180 times the size of the town. The town’s EF is twice the value expected for sustainability on a global scale. We draw several scenarios in order to reduce the EF. On a national basis as well as with the town case study, electric energy, food and waste can be reduced and in turn would have a dramatic impact on the EF.

从材料的冲击损伤研究看核电厂的安全防护

论述了核电厂对外来冲击物的安全防护及其与材料受到冲击损伤之间的关系,讨论了材料在外来物冲击作用下的损伤行为、模式及破坏预测的方法,笔者就材料及其结构的冲击损伤研究提出了建议     

重庆大气酸沉降与钢材腐蚀

通过在重庆城区、郊区的钢材大气曝露试验得到了不同品种钢材的大气腐蚀率．结果表明：以燃煤硫污染为主要特征的干湿酸沉降加速了钢材腐蚀。     

水污染的生物自动监测

生物监测是指有规则地或连续地评价一个或多个参数,而且可以用来测定有害状态。通过对生物监测领域发展状况的描述,建议水污染质量控制系统要把生物和化学-物理信息结合起来,并根据生物监测的数据进行修正,利用水生生物来及早地警报水体中存在有毒物质,并与电子计算机设备相结合,形成早期警报毒性监测系统,提出了发展生物自动监测系统的可行性,指出它在水污染控制中将成为必要的工具。     

洗毛污水的前处理

组合滤料对洗毛污水有较好的过滤作用，它对污水中ＳＳ和脂的截留率分别为７５％和６．５％，同时对污水中ＣＯＤ也有一定的去除作用．     

经济-环境系统的物质流分析方法比较研究

对基于物质流的工业代谢分析方法物质（材料）流分析法（Material Flow Accounting and Analysis,MFA）和实物投入产出法（Physical Input-Output Tables，PIOT）的特点进行了阐述。比较分析了2种方法的研究对象、范围、内容、应用等，给出了具体的分析表。     

Perspectives on Finland’s sustainable consumption and production policy

The Finnish approach that is starting from the basic human needs of food, housing, mobility and related lifestyles enables us to address the social dimension of sustainable development alongside the ecological and economic dimensions. In this context environmental problems cannot be resolved in isolation from people’s everyday lives, as can happen if environmental policies are based purely on emissions.But it is also worth questioning the potential for national SCP programmes in today’s global markets. Over the last ten years, domestic material flows within the Finnish economy have remained fairly constant, with gains in material efficiency cancelled out by increasing levels of material consumption. However, external material flows and the consequent environmental impacts have steadily increased, and the magnitude and environmental impacts of both imports and exports are approximately the same as for domestic flows. This means that the role of external material flows can no longer be ignored in national SCP policies.It is also important to integrate SCP with climate policies. Finland’s national climate and energy strategy is mainly based on the need to reduce CO₂ emissions from energy production and industrial installations, but there is also a need for complementary actions to reduce the carbon footprints caused by private and public consumption.     

蓄牧业对大伙房水库水质的影响

于 198 0 - 2 0 0 3年对大伙房水库及上游流域主要营养物 (N、P)等进行了分析。结果表明 :水库主要污染物为氮、磷。上游流域的种植、养殖、生活污水是水库氮、磷污染的主要因子。论述了水库营养物 (N、P)物流来源及平衡关系和污染份额。确立了水库汇水区内存在的问题和治理对策