南京市的环境地质问题及对策

南京市因城市建设的飞速发展、生产生活规模的不断扩大，引发了许多环境地质问题。文章论述了南京市存在的不同类型的环境地质问题，并提出了相应的对策。     

基于灰色关联分析的工业行业资源环境节约水平评价——以南京市为例

构建了工业行业资源环境节约水平评价指标体系,结合灰色关联分析方法建立了工业行业资源环境节约水平评价模型,并运用灰色关联分析原理依据灰色关联度的大小划分了工业行业资源环境节约水平的等级标准。在此基础上,以南京市为例,对工业行业的资源环境节约水平进行了评价,结果表明,南京市的13个工业行业的资源环境节约水平可以分为四个等级,并且文章结合行业产值贡献水平,提出了各工业行业发展的调控方向。     

南京市城区气溶胶粒度分布特征

以九段串级式撞击采样器对南京市气溶胶进行采样测定。经统计分析发现，气溶胶呈双峰分布，粒度分布规律明显，峰值粒径在0.37μm-0.65μm和4．3μm-5.6μm之间，气溶胶浓度季节变化显著，秋季＞夏秋，秋季颗粒物中细粒子质量百分比较夏季的多，两季质量中位位直径分别为6．5μm,4,4μm，说明与季节变化密切相关。     

CLIMATE CHANGE AND NATURAL HAZARDS IN NORTHERN CANADA: INTEGRATING INDIGENOUS PERSPECTIVES WITH GOVERNMENT POLICY

A study of the relationship between natural hazards and climate change in the international context provides the background for a discussion of the expected changes. In the context of this global discussion, this paper reviews the current perspectives of those natural hazards that are likely to be influenced by climate change, using northern Canada as a regional case study. The northern implications of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are examined, including the status of climate change action by the northern territorial governments, the evolving role of indigenous people, and the responsibility for climate change impacts. The difficulties surrounding natural hazards research in remote locations, and the approaches of indigenous people to natural hazards are then presented. The paper concludes with a suggested policy approach for climate change and natural hazards in northern Canada, underscoring the need for more comprehensive adaptive strategies to complement the current tendency to focus on the mitigation of greenhouse gases produced in this region.     

基于改进粒子群算法和元胞自动机的城市扩张模拟——以南京为例

为合理利用多智能体算法解决城市扩张动态模拟问题,基于地理学理论和社会学规律对粒子群算法进行有针对性的改进,提出分段式粒子群算法(SPSO),并结合元胞自动机模拟复杂时空过程的能力,构建出适用于城市扩张模拟的地理元胞自动机SPSO-CA。在SPSO-CA中我们利用多时像的土地利用数据、交通路网数据和地形数据,挖掘出1995~2000年南京城市扩张的土地转换规则。再由此规则实现1995~2008年的南京市城市扩张过程的动态模拟。最后对比SPSO-CA、PSOCA及NULL模型结果得:SPSO-CA总精度86.3%,Kappa系数为0.792,Moran’s I为0.078,PSO-CA总精度83.6%,Kappa系数为0.755,Moran’s I为0.054,NULL模型总精度81.9%,Kappa系数为0.741,真实的Moran’s I为0.072。这表明无论是总精度还是空间一致性,SPSO-CA都优于PSO-CA和NULL模型,即用SPSO-CA模拟城市扩张是可行的。     

Emerging dynamics of environmental governance in northern post-productivist regions

The northern, resource-dependent regions of Canada have long faced distinctive social, economic, and environmental challenges and vulnerabilities. However, these regions and communities increasingly find themselves in a transitional and post-productivist context – the implications of which are largely unclear. Therefore, research is needed to identify the current and emerging challenges facing such regions and how environmental governance and planning must adjust to meet these challenges. We utilise the case study of the Northeast Superior region of Ontario to identify and analyse the dynamics developing in post-productivist, resource-dependent regions and what the implications may be for environmental governance. Several key themes and issues that emerged include an increasingly pluralistic context, new regionalism and north–south tensions, First Nation initiatives and power imbalances, and northern identities which are tied to ideas of historical resource-dependence, remoteness, and intimate and complex links to the landscape, all of which inform environmental governance and sustainability debates. As a result, the Northeast Superior case provides insight into these ongoing dynamics which encompass individuals, government, industry, organisations, and the landscape, with the resultant lessons being transferable to initiatives in other northern, remote, and circumpolar regions.     

南京市农用地土壤中重金属形态特征分析

以南京市农用地土壤为研究对象,采用顺序提取的方法对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd做化学形态分析,了解不同元素各形态下空间赋存的含量与占比。结果表明,在农用地土壤中,上述4种金属元素所赋存的化学形态活泼性顺序为CdPbCuZn,其中Cd主要为醋酸提取态,Pb主要为可还原态,各占总量的40%以上,具有较高的生物有效性和潜在危害性;Cu与Zn主要为残渣态,占总量的60%左右,生物可利用性较低。由因子分析法可知,土壤p H值越大,Zn与Cd就越趋于向稳定的化学形态转化,土壤有机质含量越高,对Cu与Pb的络合能力就越强,可以降低其环境危害性。     

国内外总量管理制度发展历程对南京市的启示

本文介绍了国内外总量管理制度的发展历程,特别是"十三五"以来我国总量管理工作新的规定,并由此产生的针对南京市主要污染物总量管理工作的几点启示。     

南京大气细粒子中重金属污染特征及来源解析

利用2011年1月、4月、7月和10月在南京市区和北郊采集的气溶胶样品，研究了南京大气细粒子中zn、Ph、Hg、As和cd5种重金属的污染水平，通过元素相关性分析和因子分析方法，对细粒子中这些重金属的污染来源进行了初步解析。结果表明，南京大气细粒子及其重金属污染严重，北郊普遍比市区严重；As严重超标，cd在南京北郊超标约5倍，zn在市区与北郊的质量浓度均高于其他重金属元素。每种重金属的浓度均随季节而变化。市区细粒子中，As和zn可能主要与燃煤、轮胎灰尘和建筑扬尘等有关，Pb、Hg和cd主要来自交通尘、城市垃圾焚烧等。北郊细粒子中，As、Hg和zn主要来源于燃煤、钢铁冶炼等工业，Pb和cd主要与农作物秸秆燃烧、汽车尾气、道路扬尘等影响有关。     

南京北郊春季气溶胶吸湿性分析

大气气溶胶的吸湿性对气溶胶粒子的谱分布、云凝结核形成、气候强迫、人体健康等均有重要的影响.利用吸湿性串联差分迁移率分析仪(HTDMA)在2014年4月16日~5月21日对南京北郊的大气气溶胶吸湿特性进行观测.30~230 nm气溶胶粒子在90%相对湿度下的吸湿增长观测结果表明,气溶胶粒子的吸湿增长因子平均概率分布函数(GF-PDF)呈现明显的双峰分布,即一个占主导地位的强吸湿模态,和一个相对较小但仍很明显的弱吸湿模态.对吸湿性的日夜对比分析发现,整体上白天的气溶胶粒子吸湿性大于夜间气溶胶粒子,白天强吸湿模态的粒子数目比例高于夜间,夜间气溶胶粒子的外混合程度更高.利用HYSPLIT模式对气溶胶来源分析结果表明,观测期间南京北郊主要受到3类气团的影响.其中西北大陆气团背景下爱根核模态粒子在经过大陆的长距离输送过程后,老化程度较高,吸湿性也更强.而对于积聚模态粒子,则为来自东方气团的粒子吸湿性更强,强吸湿模态粒子数目比例也较高.局地气团背景下气溶胶粒子在各粒径段都具有较高的强吸湿比例.