基于情景分析的城市餐厨垃圾处理方案研究

城市生态环境保护是生态文明建设的重要组成部分之一,而餐厨垃圾是影响城市生态环境的一种主要污染源,因此,有效处理餐厨垃圾也是当前城市生态环境保护的重要内容。本文以重庆市为例,针对其特殊的餐厨垃圾组成成分,调查分析了其主城区餐厨垃圾污染状况及处理难点,提出了3种主要处理方案情景并进行综合效益评价。结果表明建立餐厨垃圾小型处理站是最优方案,其成本效益核算结果说明当政府基金和垃圾产量有限时,也可采用缩小处理站规模以达到最高的组合效益。     

液相色谱法测定底泥中阿特拉津的不确定度评定

摘要：文章采用实验室内部的非标准方法《底泥中阿特拉津残留量的液相色谱测定方法》测定底泥中的阿特拉津残留量。通过对影响测定结果的不确定度分量的分析和量化,求出被测量的标准不确定度,给出各分量对测定结果不确定度的相对贡献,对测定结果进行了表述。对实际河道底泥样品中的阿特拉津残留量进行了测定,得到阿特拉津农药残留量的拓展不确定度为0．23ug/g,k=2。     

POPs污染物莠去津在长期定位施肥土壤中的残留动态

在建立土壤中莠去津残留分析方法的基础上,采用室内培养法研究了该药在长期定位施肥处理土壤中的降解动态.土壤中的莠去津残留物用丙酮提取,经液-液分配和柱层析净化后,气相色谱检测.莠去津的最低检出量为6.4×10^-12　g,在土壤中的最低检出浓度为6.4×10^-9　g·kg^-1,土壤中0.11、1.1、11.0 mg·kg^-1这3个浓度的添加回收率分别为91.41%±4.36％、93.58%±4.54％、 90.35%±3.59％,符合农药残留分析要求.运用该残留分析方法研究了莠去津在长期定位施肥处理土壤中的残留动态.结果表明,莠去津在土壤中的降解遵循一级动力学方程,其在CK、NPK、NPK+M、NPK+S施肥处理土壤中的降解半衰期分别为20.6、 23.0、 28.5、 33.2 d,由LSR分析可知,NPK肥和有机肥的施入明显加快了莠去津在土壤中的降解.单独回归及逐步回归分析均证实莠去津在土壤中的降解半衰期与土壤中的碱解氮、有机质和全氮含量之间存在良好的正相关,其相关系数分别为0.998?3、0.982?6和0.952?1,原因可能是这些土壤养分为土壤微生物的活动提供了足够的碳素和氮素,微生物活性较高,从而致使莠去津在土壤中降解加快.     

Inorganic nitrogen removal of toilet wastewater with an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor

Removal of inorganic nitrogen (inorganic-N) from toilet wastewater, using a pilot-scale airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor (AEC-MBR) was studied. The results showed that the use of AEC-MBR with limited addition of alkaline reagents and volumetric loading rates of inorganic-N of 0.19-0.40 kg inorganic-N/(m3·d) helped achieve the desired nitrification and denitrification. Furthermore, the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on inorganic-N removal were examined. Under the condition of MLSS at 1.56-2.35 g/L, BOD5/ammonia nitrogen (NH/-N) at 1.0, pH at 7.0-7.5, and DO at 1.0-2.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of NH4 -N and inorganic-N were 91.5% and 70.0%, respectively, in the AEC-MBR. The cost of addition of alkaline reagent was approximately 0.5-1.5 RMB yuan/m3, and the energy consumption was approximately 0.72 kWh/m3 at the flux of 8 L/(m2·h).     

Oxidative stress and DNA damages induced by cadmium accumulation

Experimental evidence shows that cadmium （Cd） could induce oxidative stress and then causes DNA damage in animal cells, however, whether such effect exists in plants is still unclear. In the present study, Vicia faba plants was exposed to 5 and 10 mg/L Cd for 4 d to investigate the distribution of Cd in plant, the metal effects on the cell lipids, antioxidative enzymes and DNA damages in leaves. Cd induced an increase in Cd concentrations in plants. An enhanced level of lipid peroxidation in leaves and an enhanced concentration of H2O2 in root tissues suggested that Cd caused oxidative stress in Vicia faba. Compared with control, Cd-induced enhancement in superoxide dismutase activity was significant at 5 mg/L than at 10 mg/kg in leaves, by contrast, catalase and peroxidaseactivities were significantly suppressed by Cd addition. DNA damage was detected by neutral/neutral, alkaline/neutral and alkaline/alkaline Comet assay. Increased levels of DNA damages induced by Cd occurred with reference to oxidative stress in leaves, therefore, oxidative stress induced by Cd accumulation in plants contributed to DNA damages and was possibly an important mechanism of Cd-phytotoxicity in Vicia faba plants.     

Residual dynamics of thiacloprid in medical herbs marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil

Thiacloprid is a new insecticide of the chloronicotinyl family. To assess its risk after application, residual characteristics of thiacloprid in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil were studied under field conditions. The active ingredient was extracted from the plant material using a mixture of acetone-water. After filtration, the extract was concentrated to the aqueous phase, diluted with water, and portioned against ethyl acetate on a matrix solid phase dispersion column. Thiacloprid was extracted from soil using a mixture of methanol-water, filtered, and re.extracted （clean up） with dichloromethane. The residues were quantified using HPLC-MS-MS. The methods were validated by recovery experiments. Thiacloprid residues in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil persisted beyond 10, 14, 14, and 21 d but no residues were detected after 14, 21, 21, and 28 d, respectively. The data obtained in this study indicated that the biexponential model is more suitable than the first-order function to describe the decline of thiacloprid in fresh marjoram, fresh thyme, and dried camomile flowers with half-life （t1/2） of 1.1, 0.7, and 1.2 d, respectively. However, both the first-order function and biexponential model were found to be applicable for dissipation of thiacloprid in soil with almost the same t1/2 values of 3.5 and 3.6 d. The results indicated that thiacloprid dissipates rapidly and does not accumulate in the tested herbs and in soil.     

广东省荔枝园土壤农药残留现状研究

荔枝收获完毕后在广东省荔枝主产区采集208个荔枝园土壤样本,检测了9种荔枝常用农药甲霜灵、代森锰锌、多菌灵、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、敌百虫、乐果和敌敌畏的残留含量.结果表明,农药检出率为氯氰菊酯(59.1%)多菌灵(51.0%)代森锰锌(11.1%)甲霜灵(6.7%)三氟氯氰菊酯(3.4%).乐果和敌敌畏仅在个别果园检出,溴氰菊酯和敌百虫均未检出.土壤同时检出不同种类农药果园的百分数为只检出1种农药(40.4%)同时检出2种(31.3%)未检出(18.8%)同时检出3种(8.2%)同时检出4种(1.4%).检出的7种农药中,代森锰锌残留平均含量最高达39.05μg·kg-1,氯氰菊酯次之为7.83μg·kg-1.其它5种农药平均含量为0.19～1.65μg·kg-1.整体上广东省荔枝园土壤农药残留状况较轻.     

五种重点关注的重金属废渣的处理方法与利用现状

近年来,随着我国经济的迅速发展,重金属废渣的总量逐步扩大,引发了很多社会、经济、环境问题,成为了企业和环保领域关注的热点问题,国家近期提出了五种需重点关注的重金属废渣。本文在对国内外资料的总结和回顾的基础上,着重论述了这五种重金属废渣的来源、产量,对于现在常用的各种处理方式进行对比分析,指出其优缺点;总结了一般重金属废渣的处理模式,提出了自己的看法;展望了重金属废渣处理技术的发展方向。     

Enhancement of thermophilic anaerobic digestion of thickened waste activated sludge by combined microwave and alkaline pretreatment

Pretreatment of thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) by combined microwave and alkaline pretreatment (MAP) was studied to improve thermophilic anaerobic digestion efficiency. Uniform design was applied to determine the combination of target temperature (110–210°C), microwave holding time (1–51 min), and NaOH dose (0–2.5 g NaOH/g suspended solids (SS)) in terms of their effect on volatile suspended solids (VSS) solubilization. Maximum solubilization ratio (85.1%) of VSS was observed at 210°C with 0.2 g-NaOH/g-SS and 35 min holding time. The effects of 12 different pretreatment methods were investigated in 28 thermophilic batch reactors by monitoring cumulative methane production (CMP). Improvements in methane production in the TWAS were directly related to the microwave and alkaline pretreatment of the sludge. The highest CMP was a 27% improvement over the control. In spite of the increase in soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration and the decrease in dewaterability of digested sludge, a semi-continuous thermophilic reactor fed with pretreated TWAS without neutralization (at 170°C with 1 min holding time and 0.05 g NaOH/g SS) was stable and functioned well, with volatile solid (VS) and total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) reductions of 28% and 18%, respectively, which were higher than those of the control system. Additionally, methane yields (L@STP/g-CODadded, at standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions of 0°C and 101.325 kPa) and (L@STP/g VSadded) increased by 17% and 13%, respectively, compared to the control reactor.     

戊唑醇残留分析方法实验室内质量控制研究

文章确立了小麦、香蕉中戊唑醇残留检测方法,小麦样品加水10 mL用丙酮为萃取溶剂,石油醚液液分配,中性氧化铝柱层析净化,用气相色谱(GC-NPD)检测。香蕉样品加水5 mL用丙酮为萃取溶剂,石油醚液液分配,浓缩后用气相色谱(GC-NPD)检测。分别设置不同时间批次,同一批次间的平行样及实验室内人员分析,分别从方法灵敏度、方法准确度、方法精密度及其质量控制图、标准工作液的稳定性来探讨该方法的可靠性,结果表明该方法可以作为香蕉和小麦种戊唑醇残留检测的标准分析方法。