雾灵山自然保护区的生态效应与保护对策

通过对雾灵山国家级自然保护区的调查，研究保护区的生态沿革，分析保护区的生态功能、生态作用等生态效应，针对当前所存在的草甸严重退化、动物种群密度降低、水量减少等生态问题，提出对保护区的生态环境应尽快制定环境保护规范化，建立生物多样性保护权威机构，实行社区共管，开展科学生态旅游等措施。     

A quantitative succession model for nine montana forest communities

A quantitative succession model was developed both to meet resource management needs in Montana's Lewis and Clark National Forest and to develop a modeling methodology. It builds upon previous concepts and incudes three new features: quantitative prediction of all tree species and seedlings; quantitative predictions of important understory species; and successional pathways determined by fire intensity and scorch height. The method is described and demonstrated for selected Montana habitat (community) types. It is also available in managerial guidelines and has been programmed as a new module in theforplan simulator. Weaknesses of this and other models are discussed. Conclusions relate succession modeling to resource management needs.     

HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS FROM CHANGES IN GROUND WATER PUMPAGE1

ABSTRACT: Simulation of a large stream-aquifer system in Nebraska has been accomplished for the period from 1975 to 2020 to determine effects of controls on ground water pumpage. Three scenarios tested consisted of average annual withdrawals of 15.2 ac-in/ac (FUTURE 1), 14.8 ac-in/ac (FUTURE 2), and 9.8 ac-in/ac (FUTURE 3). The highest quantity represents the historical tendency; while the 14.8 in. figure represents a slight reduction and also represents an equalization of irrigation application efficiencies throughout the area. The lowest figure represents a substantial increase in application efficiency. Comparisons between simulated ground water elevations indicate maximum savings of FUTURE 2 over FUTURE 1 of less than 8 ft. FUTURE 3 ft. FUTURE 3 levels are projected to be a maximum of approximately 13 ft. higher than FUTURE 1's. The relatively small savings from reductions in pumpage result primarily from recirculation effects. Differences between ground water contributions to stream flow are small for all scenarios. These contributions decrease with time and increasing pumpage amounts. Base flow rates at the end of the simulation are approximately 25 percent of those at the beginning.     

Cumulative silvicultural impacts on watersheds: A hydrologic and regulatory dilemma

Because of the nature of watersheds, the hydrologic and erosional impacts of logging and related road-building activities may move offsite, affecting areas downslope and downstream from the operation. The degree to which this occurs depends on the interaction of many variables, including soils, bedrock geology, vegetation, the timing and size of storm events, logging technology, and operator performance. In parts of northwestern California, these variables combine to produce significant water quality degradation, with resulting damage to anadromous fish habitat.Examination of recent aerial photographs, combined with a review of public records, shows that many timber harvest operations were concentrated in a single 83 km² watershed in the lower Klamath River Basin within the past decade. The resulting soil disturbance in this case seems likely to result in cumulative off-site water quality degradation in the lower portion of the Basin.In California, both state and federal laws require consideration of possible cumulative effects of multiple timber harvest operations. In spite of recent reforms that have given the state a larger role in regulating forest practices on private land, each timber harvest plan is still evaluated in isolation from other plans in the same watershed. A process of collaborative state-private watershed planning with increased input of geologic information offers the best long-term approach to the problem of assessing cumulative effects of multiple timber harvest operations. Such a reform could ultimately emerge from the ongoing water quality planning process under Section 208 of the amended Federal Water Pollution Control Act.     

改善企业安全文化技术手段的应用研究

安全文化建设在我国企业界受到重视,但是缺乏安全文化建设明确、实用的方法.将安全文化定义为"影响企业安全业绩的核心要素",设计Likert量表、硬件设备和计算机管理系统对安全文化进行定量测量,根据测量结果设计有针对性的培训可以快速改善企业的安全文化.从实际的企业测量可知,通过三次测量、两次抽样培训,企业安全文化可以提高8%左右,说明测量和培训相结合的方法是企业安全文化改善的有效手段.     

Impacts of Chronic Anthropogenic Noise from Energy‐Sector Activity on Abundance of Songbirds in the Boreal Forest

Abstract: The effects of human activities in forests are often examined in the context of habitat conversion. Changes in habitat structure and composition are also associated with increases in the activity of people with vehicles and equipment, which results in increases in anthropogenic noise. Anthropogenic noise may reduce habitat quality for many species, particularly those that rely on acoustic signals for communication. We compared the density and occupancy rate of forest passerines close to versus far from noise‐generating compressor stations and noiseless well pads in the boreal forest of Alberta, Canada. Using distance‐based sampling, we found that areas near noiseless energy facilities had a total passerine density 1.5 times higher than areas near noise‐producing energy sites. The White‐throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), Yellow‐rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata), and Red‐eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus) were less dense in noisy areas. We used repeat sampling to estimate occupancy rate for 23 additional species. Seven had lower conditional or unconditional occupancy rates near noise‐generating facilities. One‐third of the species examined showed patterns that supported the hypothesis that abundance is influenced by anthropogenic noise. An additional 4 species responded negatively to edge effects. To mitigate existing noise impacts on birds would require approximately $175 million. The merits of such an effort relative to other reclamation actions are discussed. Nevertheless, given the $100 billion energy‐sector investment planned for the boreal forest in the next 10 years, including noise suppression technology at the outset of construction, makes noise mitigation a cost‐effective best‐management practice that might help conserve high‐quality habitat for boreal birds.     

Carbonate-induced enhancement of phenols degradation in CuS/peroxymonosulfate system: A clear correlation between this enhancement and electronic effects of phenols substituents

This study investigated the enhancement effects of dissolved carbonates on the peroxymonosulfate-based advanced oxidation process with CuS as a catalyst. It was found that the added CO₃²⁻ increased both the catalytic activity and the stability of the catalyst. Under optimized reaction conditions in the presence of CO₃²⁻, the degradation removal of 4-methylphenol (4-MP) within 2 min reached 100%, and this was maintained in consecutive multi-cycle experiments. The degradation rate constant of 4-MP was 2.159 min⁻¹, being 685% greater than that in the absence of CO₃²⁻ (0.315 min⁻¹). The comparison of dominated active species and 4-MP degradation pathways in both CO₃²⁻-free and CO₃²⁻-containing systems suggested that more CO₃•⁻/¹O₂ was produced in the case of CO₃²⁻deducing an electron transfer medium, which tending to react with electron-rich moieties. Meanwhile, Characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic and cyclic voltammetry measurement verified CO₃²⁻ enabled the effective reduction of Cu²⁺ to Cu⁺. By investigating the degradation of 11 phenolics with different substituents, the dependence of degradation kinetic rate constant of the phenolics on their chemical structures indicated that there was a good linear relationship between the Hammett constants σ_p of the aromatic phenolics and the logarithm of k in the CO₃²⁻-containing system. This work provides a new strategy for efficient removal of electron-rich moieties under the driving of carbonate being widely present in actual water bodies.     

过氧化氢对铜绿微囊藻的损伤效应研究

采用室内培养的方法研究了不同浓度H2O2对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystic aeruginosa)藻细胞的损伤效应.结果表明,H2O2浓度越大,对藻细胞的毒害作用越大.24 h之后,铜绿微囊藻藻细胞数、叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素和蛋白质含量及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)都快速下降,而MDA含量显著增加,同时培养基中的H2O2含量也迅速降低;随着处理时间的增加,毒性效应逐渐增强;72 h之后,藻细胞各指标值都降得很低,MDA含量也增加到最大,培养基中H2O2也逐渐被消耗和分解,藻细胞的损伤效应也达到最大.其中,H2O2浓度为50 mg·L-1时,能够有效的去除藻细胞,并且对藻细胞的生理指标及抗氧化能力都有很强的损伤效应.     

纳米Ag粒子在我国主要类型土壤中的迁移转化过程与环境效应

随着纳米技术的快速发展,纳米材料进入环境并不断累积,因此开展纳米材料的环境安全性研究具有重要意义.纳米银(Ag NP)是目前应用最广泛的人工纳米材料之一.本课题组拟以Ag NP为研究对象,系统研究其在我国主要类型土壤中的迁移、转化过程及其生态环境效应;基于同步辐射技术、同位素技术和量子化学计算等方法,揭示Ag NP与土壤中主要矿物或有机质之间的相互作用规律;探明Ag NP对土壤中微生物、动物和植物的致毒过程及其作用机制;发展Ag NP在土壤中迁移的数学模型,预测其在土壤中的迁移、滞留通量进而评价其淋溶风险,为Ag NP的安全利用提供重要理论基础和技术支撑.     

纳米氧化锌对大型溞肠道组织毒性效应及机理研究

研究了不同浓度纳米氧化锌（ZnONP）及其在水中释放的对应浓度的Zn²⁺溶液对大型溞（Daphnia magna）肠道组织显微和亚显微结构的影响,探讨了ZnONP对大型溞的肠道组织毒性效应特征和作用机理.结果表明,0.3 mg·L^-1-Zn²⁺组（Zn²⁺浓度0.170 mg·L^-1）和0.3 mg·L^-1 ZnONP溶液皆对大型溞的肠道造成损伤,主要导致大型溞中肠与直肠之间的连接处发生扭曲,其中ZnONP对肠道组织结构弯曲影响最为明显,0.3 mg·L^-1 ZnONP组引起大型溞个体最大肠道弯曲率高达42%.大型溞肠道组织HE染色结果显示,ZnONP暴露会造成大型溞肠道上皮组织断裂、胞间连接空泡化、纹状缘模糊及杯状细胞脱落等,而相对应浓度Zn²⁺组的毒性较弱.电子显微镜下对大型溞肠道组织亚显微结构观察发现,0.3 mg·L^-1 ZnONP处理组大型溞肠道上皮细胞组织出现微绒毛排列紊乱、脱落、溶解,上皮细胞松散,线粒体双层膜结构不完整,嵴溶解消失,核糖体增多等现象.0.3 mg·L^-1-Zn²⁺组大型溞肠道组织上皮细胞有损伤,但整体结构基本完整.从ZnONP和对应的Zn²⁺所产生的毒性效应特征和各组大型溞机体中Zn元素含量的测定分析,ZnONP对大型溞造成的肠道组织损伤不仅与其释放的Zn²⁺引起的毒性有关,更可能与大型溞对颗粒物摄取的方式或ZnONP在体内的积累量、排泄速率和作用的细胞器等有关.因此,ZnONP对肠道组织毒性效应产生的分子机制还需要 进一步研究.