地膜覆盖和施氮对菜地N2O排放的影响

为了探讨地膜覆盖和不同施氮处理对菜地N_2O排放的影响,以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内辣椒-萝卜轮作菜地为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,进行为期2 a的田间原位观测.试验设置8个处理,分别为对照常规(NN0)、对照覆膜(FN0),低N常规(NN1)、低N覆膜(FN1),中N常规(NN2)、中N覆膜(FN2),高N常规(NN3)、高N覆膜(FN3),研究地膜覆盖和施氮对菜地N_2O的排放特征和影响因素.结果表明,覆膜与常规两种种植方式对于菜地N_2O的排放体现出明显差异,表现为辣椒季常规显著大于覆膜(P 0. 05),萝卜季为覆膜显著大于常规(P 0. 05). 2014年5月至2016年4月观测期间,覆膜种植下无氮、低氮、中氮和高氮菜地N_2O年均累积排放量分别为244. 91、730. 49、903. 32和1 867. 45 mg·m-2,常规种植下N_2O年均累积排放量为221. 48、840. 33、1 256. 50和1 469. 67 mg·m-2.不同施氮梯度对于菜地N_2O的排放呈现为随施氮量增加N_2O的排放随之增加.通过计算N_2O排放系数可知,覆膜可以一定程度上降低辣椒季N_2O的排放系数,而萝卜季则没有明显规律. 2014年5月至2015年4月,辣椒季常规和覆膜种植下均为低氮菜地的N_2O排放系数最高,在萝卜季则显示为高氮排放系数最高; 2015年5月至2016年4月,则显示辣椒季为高氮菜地N_2O排放系数最高,而萝卜季低氮菜地最高. N_2O的排放通量和土壤氮素含量以及土壤温度呈显著相关关系,而地膜覆盖可一定程度地增加土壤中氮素的含量,进而影响菜地N_2O的排放通量.     

电子辐照Kapton/Al薄膜力学性能退化规律与机理研究

目的为航天器用Kapton/Al薄膜材料的选用提供数据支撑和高性能Kapton/Al薄膜材料的研制提供理论支持。方法用综合辐照试验装置对Kapton/Al薄膜材料进行电子辐照,用拉力试验机对Kapton/Al薄膜材料开展力学性能拉伸试验,用XPS对其成分和微观结构进行测试分析。结果Kapton/Al薄膜材料的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率随着拉伸速度的增加而降低,随着电子辐照注量的增加呈指数减小,在电子辐照下,薄膜材料分子键发生断裂和交联,C—CO和C—N键断裂发生脱氧和脱氮反应,C—H基团相对含量增大。结论电子辐照将造成Kapton/Al薄膜材料力学性能降低,薄膜材料分子价健的断裂和交联是薄膜力学性能降低的主要原因。     

地膜覆盖对农田土壤养分和生态酶计量学特征的影响

生态酶计量比可以用来衡量土壤微生物能量和养分资源限制状况.为明确地膜覆盖后农田土壤生态酶计量学特征,选取地膜覆盖下不同残膜积累量的农田土壤,利用荧光分析法测定其碳氮磷循环关键过程中的β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶（BG）、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）和磷酸酶（ACP）的活性.探讨地膜覆盖对农田土壤养分循环和供应的影响.结果表明,施用化肥的土壤,覆膜使Olsen-P和NO^-₃-N分别降低至不覆膜土壤的48%～62%和16%～24%;而有机-无机配施的土壤,两者在覆膜条件下分别提高了144%～203%和1.9～5.1倍.覆膜下SOC∶TN在有机-无机配施土壤中降低了6.6%～25.8%,而SOC∶TP和TN∶TP却显著增加.覆膜土壤中MBC含量均显著低于不覆膜的土壤,然而由于MBN和MBP也随之降低,MBC∶MBN和MBC∶MBP无显著差异;覆膜使MBN∶MBP在S1和S2分别降低了36.6%和23.8%,而在S3和S4中分别提高了5.4和1.3倍.土壤中NAG∶ACP计量比与微生物生物量中相对应的元素的计量比趋势相似;而覆膜下BG∶NA...     

Characterization of electrode fouling during electrochemical oxidation of phenolic pollutant

• Electrode fouling is characterized by non-destructive characterization. • Electrode fouling is highly dependent on electrochemical process. • Active chlorine can prevent the formation of polymeric fouling film. Electrode fouling is a problem that commonly occurs during electro-oxidation water purification. This study focused on identifying the fouling behavior of Pt electrode associated with the formation of polymeric layer during electro-oxidation of phenol. The in situ electrochemical measurements and non-destructive observation of the electrode morphology were reported. The results demonstrated that the electrode fouling was highly dependent on thermodynamic process of electrode that was controlled by anode potential. At anode potential lower than 1.0 V vs SHE, the direct electro-oxidation caused the electrode fouling by the formation of polymeric film. The fouling layer decreased the electrochemically active surface area from 8.38 cm² to 1.57 cm², indicated by the formation of polymeric film with thickness of 2.3 mm, increase in mass growing at a rate of 3.26 μg/cm²/min. The degree to which the anode was fouled was independent of anion in the electrolyte. In comparison, at anode potential higher than 2.7 V vs SHE, the anions (e.g., chloride) could exert a major influence to the behavior of electrode fouling. The presence of chloride was shown to mitigate the fouling of electrode significantly through preventing the formation of polymeric film by active chlorine (e.g., Cl• and Cl₂) produced from anodic oxidation of chloride. Since chloride is the most abundant anionic species existing in both natural and engineered water system, this study not only offers a deep insight into the mechanism of electrode fouling, but also suggests strategies for anti-fouling in the presence of chloride in electro-oxidation process.     

农用化学物资对土壤的污染状况与控制措施

随着现代化学农业的兴起与发展,不可避免地给环境造成污染。结合目前研究进展,主要从化肥、农药、地膜三方面入手,论述现代农业生产实践中,农用化学物资对重要的自然资源—土壤的污染状况及控制措施     

玻璃膜载Fe3+/TiO2的制备及其光催化活性研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了稳定的涂膜Fe3+/TiO2溶胶,通过浸渍-提拉法分别制备了Fe3+/TiO2玻璃负载薄膜,讨论了分散剂加入量、提拉速度对成膜质量的影响,并对所制薄膜进行了结构分析,通过降解4-氟苯甲酸溶液初步研究了其光催化活性。     

REAL CODED GENETIC ALGORITHM OPTIMIZATION OF LONG TERM RESERVOIR OPERATION1

ABSTRACT: An optimization and simulation model holds promise as an efficient and robust method for long term reservoir operation, an increasingly important facet of managing water resources. Recently, genetic algorithms have been demonstrated to be highly effective optimization methods. According to previous studies, a real coded genetic algorithm (RGA) has many advantages over a binary coded genetic algorithm. Accordingly, this work applies an RGA to obtain the 10‐day (the traditional period of reservoir operation in Taiwan) operating rule curves for the proposed reservoir system. The RGA is combined with an effective and flexible scheme for coding the reservoir rule curves and applied to an important reservoir in Taiwan, considering a water reservoir development scenario to the year 2021. Each rule curve is evaluated using a complex simulation model to determine a performance index for a given flow series. The process of generating and evaluating decision parameters is repeated until no further improvement in performance is obtained. Many experiments were performed to determine the suitable RGA components, including macro evolutionary (ME) selection and blend‐α crossover. Macro evolution (ME) can be applied to prevent the premature problem of the conventional selection scheme of genetic algorithm. The purpose of adjusting a of a crossover scheme is to determine the exploratory or exploitative degree of various subpopulations. The appropriate rule curve searched by an RGA can minimize the water deficit and maintain the high water level of the reservoir. The results also show that the most promising RGA for this problem consists of these revised operators significantly improves the performance of a system. It is also very efficient for optimizing other highly nonlinear systems.     

掺铅TiO2薄膜的光催化活性及电化学性能

采用溶胶凝胶烧结工艺在玻璃表面制备铅离子多层掺杂的光催化复合TiO2薄膜,用XRD技术表征了该薄膜的晶型,并用电化学方法测定了该薄膜电极的伏安特性及交流阻抗性能．以光催化降解甲基橙溶液为模型反应,采用两种不同方式制备的铅离子多层掺杂TiO2薄膜具有很好的光催化活性,最佳掺杂浓度均为0．5％(Pb／Ti原子百分比),PbD0.5掺铅薄膜的最佳光催化降解甲基橙表观速率常数约是纯TiO2的2．52倍．铅离子掺杂TiO2薄膜表现出近表面处捕获光生电子或空穴,随后被捕获的电子或空穴迁移到TiO2薄膜表向参与光催化反应。     

填料技术在废水生物处理中的应用和发展

填料技术是生物膜反应器的核心部分。本文阐述了填料在废水生物处理中的作用,讨论了理想填料必须具备的4项条件,介绍了目前国内外应用较广的几种主要填料的工艺特点及其规格参数,并对它们的性能进行了比较,最后简要分析了填料技术研究开发的动向。      

羽毛不可溶角蛋白海绵膜对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附性能

通过冷冻干燥,将还原法产生的凝胶状不可溶蛋白制备成具有致密孔隙的海绵膜,无需预处理和无交联剂,并研究了其对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附性能。结果表明,在60℃、固液比12．5g／L、初始浓度100mg／L下最大吸附量为148．8mg／g,吸附过程符合Langmuir型和Freundlich型等温吸附模型,为吸热过程,物理吸附和化学吸附均起到重要作用。