工业园区能量梯级利用节能减排效益分析及其对城市空气质量影响评估

工业园区由于资源能源消耗和污染排放总量大,能量梯级利用水平普遍较低,在我国推进生态文明建设的过程中受到了重点关注.本研究以河南省一个典型的高能耗工业园区（永城经济技术开发区）为研究对象,对能量梯级利用措施带来的节能效果和大气污染物减排效益进行了定量的研究,并且结合CALPUFF模型分析园区能量梯级利用措施对周边城市大气环境质量的影响.结果表明：①通过应用能量梯级利用措施,有效地提高了能源的使用效率,并减少了SO₂、NO_x以及颗粒物等主要大气污染物的排放量.园区12条能量梯级利用链条的节能总量为10000 TJ, SO₂和NO_x排放量分别减少为611 t和1407 t, PM₁₀ 和PM_2.5分别减少为82 t和45 t.②CALPUFF模拟结果显示园区采用能量梯级利用措施在一定程度上改善了城市大气环境的空气质量.永城市2017年4种污染物的最大1 h平均浓度在有能量梯级利用措施情景（S2）下和无能量梯级利用情景（S1）相比均有所降低,其中NO_x降幅最为明显,在春秋两季为70 μg·m^-3左右.     

溪洛渡水电站叠梁门取水方式减缓下泄低温水的优化调度

大型水库常采用叠梁门取水方式作为改善春季下泄低温水的有效手段，但现有的叠梁门调度方式基本为全年使用，可能加剧水库冬季下泄高温水现象，且影响到春季的水温改善效果。提出根据下游鱼类对水温的需求时段来确定叠梁门的启用时段，对金沙江下游的溪洛渡电站水库水温进行了研究，结果表明，分时段采用叠梁门取水可有限程度地提高春季的下泄水温并避免冬季下泄水高温现象的进一步加剧。同时，也研究了河流梯级开发对叠梁门应用的影响，发现水库调节性能、梯级开发、人工调度等带来的下游入库水温平坦化，以及溪洛渡水库的过渡型水温结构，使叠梁门对水温的影响显著减弱.     

大型磷复肥企业生产生活废水零外排技术

磷复肥企业普遍存在生产性废水量大,处理费用高;处理后的废水回用难度大,需要外排等问题。云南云天化国际化工有限公司三环分公司针对此问题,形成了大型磷复肥企业生产生活废水资源化、分级、梯级利用技术,实现生产生活废水零外排,取得了较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

Representing mediating effects and species reintroductions in Ecopath with Ecosim

Ecosystem models play an important role in supporting ecosystem approaches to management. To improve the representation of how ecosystems work, ecosystem models should be able to represent mediating effects (e.g., habitat provision) that species provide to each other as well as species (re)introductions, both common situations that can strongly influence ecosystem dynamics. We examine how such processes can be incorporated into Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE), a widely used tool for represent aquatic ecosystems with the potential to support ecosystem-based management. We used the reintroduction of sea otters (Enhydralutris) to the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada as a case study. The model demonstrates how to account for benefits provided by kelp forests by contributing to primary production, increased feeding areas and food availability through prey retention. It also demonstrates how the reintroduction and range expansion of sea otters can be represented in Ecospace, and the implications of these options.     

流域梯级水库事故风险分析与防洪联合调度实现

通过对水库溃坝事故案例的分析,就流域梯级水库大坝面临连锁性的灾难事故风险问题,研究水库大坝溃决的诱发条件、破坏模态、临界条件、溃决的演变机理与规律;提出流域梯级水库防洪系统优化模型和实现方案;初步设计应急体系信息化建设的需求与功能方案。笔者对流域梯级水库事故风险分析及防洪联合调度实现成果,为水电站建设工程项目的设计与施工提供决策支持。     

Modelling the N cascade in regional watersheds: The case study of the Seine, Somme and Scheldt rivers

The watersheds of the Seine, Somme and Scheldt rivers (France, Belgium, the Netherlands), flowing into the continental coastal zone of the English Channel and Southern North Sea, are among the regions of the world with the highest anthropogenic inputs of reactive nitrogen through fertilizer use, legume fixation and deposition of atmospheric nitrogen. They also represent examples of widely open systems, either exporting a large fraction of their N inputs under the form of agricultural products (case of the Seine basin) or importing high amounts of nitrogen as feed for livestock nutrition (case of the Scheldt basin), and delivering up to 2000 kg N km⁻² yr⁻¹ at river outlet into the sea. Taking these three watersheds as a case study, we review the different approaches developed so far for describing and predicting the fate of reactive nitrogen inputs to regional systems and its cascade from soils to sea. These approaches range from simple lumped input–output budget, to detailed process-based, spatially distributed models of nutrient transfers. The merits and the limits of these approaches are discussed. Their combination allows to establish a reasonably consistent budget for the three basins, emphasizing the various ‘retention’ terms linked to both landscape and in-stream processes, including storage in long residence time compartments (soil organic matter, vadose zone, aquifers, etc.), denitrification (in soil, riparian zones or river benthos) or sediment burial. Root-zone and riparian denitrification processes appear as major terms of landscape retention in all three investigated watersheds. Retention of nitrogen associated with collection and treatment of urban wastewater is also a major term in the two most populated watersheds.     

丰水期乌江上游干流水库—河流体系硫同位素组成

2007年7月对乌江上游河流、乌江干流上的3座不同库龄的梯级水库(洪家渡水库、东风水库、乌江渡水库)表层及垂直剖面水体的可溶性硫酸盐的硫同位素组成进行了研究.在垂直剖面上,洪家渡水库硫同位素值(δ34S)介于+0.3‰～+3.1‰,下泄水为-0.7‰;东风水库δ34S值介于-7.5‰～-5.5‰,下泄水为-6.8‰;乌江渡水库δ34S值介于-4.3‰～-0.6‰,下泄水为-2.9‰.上述结论表明,硫同位素组成变化反映了水库硫的不同来源及生物地球化学过程.不同水库表层和垂直剖面水体的硫同位素平均值有差别,水库表层的硫同位素比值主要受输入水体的控制,垂直剖面由表层向下硫同位素比值偏负,主要是由于生物作用以及有机硫的氧化造成的.     

梯级开发对河流径流过程和水温过程均化作用的研究

长江中上游干流及主要支流正在大规模地进行水电开发，随着这些梯级水库群的建设，自然河流中具有重要生态意义的流量过程和水热过程发生变化，导致流量和水温均化，引起了一些河流生态环境问题。根据现有资料统计，结合金沙江下游正在建设的溪洛渡和向家坝水电站，对比分析了梯级水电工程径流调节后与天然过程的差异程度，探讨了河流径流过程和水温过程均化现象对生境的影响。将均化系数λ引入，定量计算了水库调节对天然径流的均化作用；采用宽度平均的立面二维k-ε水温模型，初步分析了梯级水电工程对水温过程均化作用。最后提出减小梯级水库对长江生态环境影响的对策和建议.     

PARTIAL AREA RESPONSE ON SMALL SEMIARID WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Significant errors in estimating surface runoff and erosion rates are possible if a watershed is assumed to contribute runoff uniformly over the entire area, when actually only a portion of the entire area may be contributing. Generation of overland flow on portions of small semiarid watersheds was analyzed by three methods: an average loss rate procedure, a lumped-linear model, and a distributed-nonlinear model. These methods suggested that, on the average, 45, 60, and 50% of the drainage area was contributing runoff at the watershed outlet. Infiltrometer data support the partial area concept and indicate that the low infiltration zones are the runoff source areas as simulated with the distributed-nonlinear model.     

Experimental Study of Gas-Liquid Interfacial Properties in a Stepped Cascade Flow

Gas-liquid interface measurements were conducted in a strongly turbulent free-surface flow (i.e., stepped cascade). Local void fractions, bubble count rates, bubble size distributions and gas-liquid interface areas were measured simultaneously in the air-water flow region using resistivity probes. The results highlight the air-water mass transfer potential of a stepped cascade with measured specific interface area over 650 m^–1 and depth-average specific area up to 310 m^–1. A comparison between single-tip and double-tip resistivity probes suggests that simple robust single-tip probes may provide accurate, although conservative, gas-liquid interfacial properties. The latter device may be used in the field and in prototype plants. Notation a = specific interface area (m^–1); a _mean = depth-average specific interface area (m^–1): a _mean=frac1Y ₉₀limits sup> Y ₉₀ sup ₀(1–C)dy; C = local void fraction; C _gas = dissolved gas concentration (kg m^–3); C _mean = depth-average mean air concentration defined as: C _mean=1–d/Y ₉₀; C _s = saturation concentration (kg m^–3); D = dimensionless air bubble diffusivity (defined by [1]); d = equivalent clear-water flow depth (m): d=limits sup> Y ₉₀ sup ₀(1–C) dy; d_ab = air bubble diameter (m); d_c = critical flow depth (m); for a rectangular channel: d _c=sqrt[3]q _w ²/g; F = air bubble count rate (Hz); F _max = maximum bubble count rate (Hz), often observed for C=50%; g = gravity acceleration (m s^–2); h = step height (m); K _L = liquid film coefficient (m s^–1); K = integration constant defined as: K=tanh ^–1 sqrt0.1)+(2D)^–1 [1]; L = chute length (m); N = velocity distribution exponent; ———– ^*Corresponding author, E-mail: h.chanson@mailbox.uq.edu.au Q _w = water discharge (m³ s^–1); q _w = water discharge per unit width m² s^–1); t = time (s); V = local velocity (m s^–1); V _c = critical flow velocity (m s^–1); for a rectangular channel: V _c=sqrt[3]q _w g V _max = maximum air-water velocity (m s^–1); V ₉₀ = characteristic air-water velocity (m s^–1) where C = 90%; W = channel width (m); x = longitudinal distance (m) measured along the flow direction (i.e., parallel to the pseudo-bottom formed by the step edges); y = distance (m) normal to the pseudo-bottom formed by the step edges; Y₉₀ = characteristic distance (m) where C=0.90; Y ₉₈ = characteristic distance (m) where C=0.98; = slope of pseudo-bottom by the step edges; = diameter (m).