堆肥过程多阶段强化接种对细菌群落多样性的影响

以生活垃圾为原料进行好氧堆肥,采用多阶段的方式强化接种功能微生物菌剂,利用PCR-DGGE方法并结合聚类分析和Shannon-Weaver指数变化来研究堆肥过程中多阶段强化接种对细菌群落多样性的影响,同时监测木质纤维素降解率的变化.结果表明,多阶段接种堆肥能有效提高堆体降温期和二次发酵期的温度;和普通接种堆肥相比可使半...     

铁基固体材料对钒矿污染土壤的固化效果研究

选用还原性材料铁粉、硫酸亚铁,氧化性材料三氧化二铁,吸附性材料钢渣、针铁矿,共5种3类铁基固体材料对钒冶炼渣污染的土壤进行了固化研究.结果表明,固定效率由高到低依次为硫酸亚铁>铁粉>针铁矿>钢渣>三氧化二铁.在1%的添加量、固化7d的固化条件及水平振荡的检测方法下,铁粉、硫酸亚铁对V的固定效率分别达到了97.7%和98.8%.模拟酸雨的浸出环境对还原性材料影响不大.还原性材料固化1d内对V和Cr便达到较高固定效率,之后30d内固定效率呈现轻微下降趋势.随材料用量增加,还原性材料对V和Cr的固定效率增大,实验最大用量2%时,铁粉对两者固定效率分别达到99.6%和78.5%,硫酸亚铁达到99.9%和90.6%.BCR分析表明,还原性材料对实验土样固化后,大幅降低了V的酸提取态,增加了V的可氧化态.     

Choice of chelating antidotes for acute cadmium intoxication∗

During acute oral intoxication by cadmium compounds, gastrointestinal epithelial damage contributes to immediate toxicity. However, secondary systemic toxicity may develop due to intestinal uptake of cadmium. This review presents an evaluation of the effects of chelators on the acute toxicity of cadmium after parenteral or oral exposure and on the intestinal uptake of cadmium. This review shows:

1. Chelating agents may affect the acute toxicity of cadmium in a variety of ways depending on the exposure route for cadmium and administration route for the chelator.

2. With regard to survival, systemic toxicity of absorbed cadmium is of major importance, as intraperitoneal administration of chelators could eliminate or reduce mortality due to orally administered cadmium chloride.

3. Lipophilicity of chelators and their cadmium complexes may result in extensively augmented intestinal uptake. However, hydrophilic chelators may efficiently reduce the intestinal cadmium uptake.

4. For hydrophilic chelators, the stability of the cadmium complex is an important determining factor of efficacy.

5. The optimal oral antidote towards orally administered cadmium are the BAL analogs, especially DMSA, while the optimal intraperitoneal antidotes towards orally or intraperitoneally administered cadmium are the higher members of the polyaminopolycarboxylate family, especially TTHA.

6. When administered simultaneously (DMSA orally and TTHA intraperitoneally), these chelators synergistically reduce the whole‐body retention of cadmium.

In conclusion, chelation treatment in acute oral cadmium intoxication should first prevent/reduce intestinal damage and uptake by rapid oral administration of a chelating antidote and then alleviate systemic toxicity due to absorbed cadmium and enhance renal/biliary cadmium excretion by parenteral administration of a chelating antidote.     

Toxicity of the nerve agent tabun to Daphnia magna,a new experimental species in military toxicology

Daphnia magna, a freshwater microcrustacean, is currently tested as an alternative experimental species in research dealing with nerve agents poisonings treatment. Because of this, the toxicity of the nerve agent tabun (a cyanide-group containing organophosphate) to Daphnia had to be examined by estimating the EC₅₀ values. The immobilization of daphnids was chosen as the end-point. It was found that D. magna is sensitive to small amounts of tabun, even after 15 min exposure, and tabun toxicity increases with time. The estimated EC₅₀ values for 15, 30, 45, and 60 min exposure were as follows: 67.39, 38.10, 26.95, and 21.9 μg l^?1. In addition, the toxicity of media to which tabun was added 24 h before the start of experiments was examined. The results obtained indicate that daphnids can be used in experiments with nerve-agent intoxication treatment.     

两性高分子螯合絮凝剂和氯化钙对羟基亚乙基二膦酸预镀铜废水的去除性能

以羟基亚乙基二膦酸(HEDP)预镀铜废水为处理对象,考察两性高分子螯合絮凝剂(ACPF)和CaCl2对其处理效果.结果表明,单独使用ACPF或CaCl2,用量大,残余Cu2+和COD浓度均不能达到电镀污染物排放标准(GB21900—2008);将ACPF和CaCl2配合使用,Ca2+可与HEDP螯合生成HEDP—Ca沉淀,促进ACPF与Cu2+螯合;且Ca2+还可与废水中的酒石酸根离子形成溶解度很小的结晶,促进絮体的形成和沉降.因此,处理药剂的用量明显降低,Cu2+和COD残余浓度均能达标.适宜的处理条件为:弱碱或碱性条件下,ACPF投加量为3.0 g.L-1,CaCl2投加量为2.0 g.L-1,Cu2+和COD的去除率分别达99.74%和97.5%,残余浓度分别为0.335和25.27 mg.L-1.     

有木几热载休锅炉请洗剂的性能试验研究

通过对目前市场上常见的几种有机热载体清洗剂,尤其是在线清洗剂进行模拟清洗试验,同时试验研究了在线清洗对有机热载体的影响,评估其清洗效果和对锅炉及传热系统安全性影响。     

Screening of textile finishing agents available on the Chinese market: An important source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the environment

Kendrick mass defect was used for PFASs screening in textile finishing agents (TFAs). Total oxidizable precursor assay provides insight into unknown precursors. Perfluorooctane sulfonate was found as impurity in short ECF technology based TFAs. Perfluorooctanoate was also detected in C6 telomerization based TFAs. Long chain precursors were also observed in both types of TFAs. Organofluorinated surfactants are widely employed in textile finishing agents (TFAs) to achieve oil, water, and stain repellency. This has been regarded as an important emission source of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to the environment. China is the biggest manufacturer of clothes, and thus TFA production is also a relevant industrial activity. Nevertheless, to date, no survey has been conducted on PFAS contents in commercially available TFAs. In the present study, TFA products were investigated by the Kendrick mass defect method. The quantification results demonstrated a significant presence of perfluorooctane sulfonate (0.37 mg/L) in TFAs manufactured by electrochemical fluorination technology. The products obtained by short-chain PFAS-based telomerization were dominated by perfluorooctanoic acid (mean concentration: 0.29 mg/L), whose values exceeded the limits stated in the European Chemical Agency guidelines (0.025 mg/L). Moreover, the total oxidizable precursor assay indicated high levels of indirectly quantified precursors with long alkyl chains (C7–C9). Together, these results suggest that there is currently a certain of environmental and health risks in China that originates from the utilization of TFAs, and a better manufacturing processes are required to reduce such risks.     

螯合剂对小麦幼苗吸收金属以及土壤金属形态的效应

本文通过盆栽试验研究三种螯合剂(EDTA、[S,S]-EDDS、DTPA)对小麦幼苗吸收土壤中重金属及其它微量元素的效应,并且通过改进的BCR连续提取法分析了种植后土壤样品中金属元素的形态。结果表明:EDTA、DTPA的添加导致小麦幼苗地上部分生物量以及叶片叶绿素a含量显著下降。螯合剂的存在明显增加了Pb和Mn在幼苗根部和茎叶的富集,并增加其由根部向茎叶的传输,但对Fe和Ni的作用比较小。小麦幼苗收获时,除Zn之外,其它元素酸溶/可交换态金属含量与对照组相比均有非常显著的增加,而各元素的可还原态由于EDTA等螯合剂的添加而有明显下降。添加螯合剂的情况下,富集量与酸溶/可交换态含量之间的相关系数大大提高,且各处理组茎叶富集量与酸溶/可交换态之间呈显著(P0.05)或极显著相关(P0.01)。因此,三种螯合剂的添加主要影响的是生物可利用形态以及潜在的生物可利用形态,并且可能导致可还原态以及可氧化态向酸溶/可交换态转变,增加金属的生物可利用性,从而也增加潜在生态风险。     

螯合型表面活性剂对Pb-Zn复合污染土壤的洗脱效果

为了探究螯合型表面活性剂对重金属污染土壤的洗脱效果,通过室内模拟试验,采用振荡洗脱法研究了新型螯合型表面活性剂LED3A(N-十二酰基乙二胺三乙酸钠盐)对Pb-Zn复合污染土壤的洗脱作用,并重点分析了洗脱时间、ρ(LED3A)、洗脱温度等因素对洗脱效果的影响. 结果表明:室温下LED3A洗脱Pb-Zn复合污染土壤的最佳质量浓度为7.0 g/L、洗脱时间为7.0 h. 洗脱平衡时间随ρ(LED3A)的增加而缩短,洗脱过程符合准二级动力学模型;孔隙扩散为LED3A对Pb和Zn洗脱速率的控制过程,但内扩散并非唯一的洗脱速率控制机制. 等温平衡洗脱试验结果显示,洗脱温度升高有利于LED3A配位污染土壤中的Pb和Zn,LED3A对重金属的洗脱过程为吸热过程. Pb、Zn的BCR形态分级结果显示,LED3A对酸可提取态Pb、Zn的去除率最大,分别达到79.87%、72.51%;氧化物结合态、有机结合态、残余态Pb的去除率分别为31.82%、18.83%、2.30%,相应形态Zn的去除率分别为21.81%、17.60%、26.22%;对比洗脱前、后土壤中重金属的形态分布可知,最易释放和被生物利用的酸可提取态Pb和Zn的质量分数所占比例明显降低,不易或不能被生物利用的氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残余态Pb和Zn的质量分数所占比例明显增加. 研究显示,LED3A洗脱不仅能够去除污染土壤中一定量的重金属,同时可降低污染土壤中重金属对环境的潜在危害,而且不会产生二次污染.      

高分子螯合剂捕集重金属Pb2+的机理研究

探讨了当含铅废物中共存其他金属时,高分子螯合剂对捕集效果的影响,实验结果表明,此种螯合剂对铅去除率在９９．７％以上,不受钾,钠和钙离子存在的影响,并且也不受ｐＨ值变化的影响,当有铁禽子存在时,会降低铅的去除率,但钙离子的共存有利于铅的去除。