The method for leakage detection of urban natural gas pipeline based on the improved ITA and ALO

To solve the problems of the difficulty in early leakage monitoring and larger positioning error for urban hazardous chemicals pipelines, the optimized method based on the improved Inverse Transient Analysis (ITA) and Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO) was proposed. Firstly, based on the obtained experiment's results of leakage of natural gas in the non-metallic pipeline, the segment classification method was incorporated into the pressure gradient calculation. The modified method can adapt to the multi-node characteristics of urban pipe networks and help to obtain the preliminary positioning calculation results after optimization. Then the calculation results were embedded in the ITA calculation model. The input parameters of the gas pipeline such as boundary conditions, leakage rate and friction coefficient were used to establish the characteristic linear equations. Then the objective function of the least-squares criterion was defined, and the improved ITA model suitable for leakage detection of urban natural gas pipeline networks was constructed. Finally, the ALO was used to optimize the calculation process of the improved ITA model, and iteratively optimize the optimal friction coefficient and its corresponding minimum objective function (OF) value. As a result, a more precise location of the leakage source was calculated. The validation of the modified method is conducted by comparing the calculated values with the experiment's results. The results show that the method can accurately predict the location where the pipeline leakage occurs. The minimum error is 3.17%. Compared with the traditional ITA, this method not only accelerates the convergence speed of the objective function, but also improves the accuracy of location calculation.     

Corporate occupational exposure limits: An example of a strategy

Occupational exposure limits (OELs) developed by authorities play a key role in the implementation of programs to protect workers against hazardous chemicals. Unfortunately, many hazardous substances do not have OELs or the OEL could be outdated. To assure the health of the workers, it is therefore useful for companies to develop corporate OELs. An inhouse strategy will be presented hereafter. Expertise in toxicology, industrial hygiene, and occupational health should be available within the company and clear selection criteria for substances are needed. A corporate OEL is only developed for hazardous substances (e.g., carcinogenic or reprotoxic) with a high potential for worker exposure when an appropriate national OEL or threshold limit value is not available. The methodology to calculate corporate OELs is based on the existing methods for national or community OELs and also on the guidance from the European Union's (EU) regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). For carcinogenic substances with a nonthreshold mode of action, there is always a residual chance that a cancer develops even when the exposure of workers is low. To establish an OEL for these substances, the “German traffic light model” is recommended. It is pragmatic, defines an unacceptable, tolerable, and acceptable risk level when workers are exposed to these substances, and determines risk management for exposure reduction. Overall, the professional practice to develop OELs is a good example of corporate leadership to proactively protect the health of workers.     

辽宁省化学品环境风险特征及管理对策分析

通过对辽宁省化学品分布、三大行业l810家企业化学品环境风险单元、防范措施、应急处置、应急救援资源情况及存在问题的分析研究,提出适合辽宁省化学品环境风险管理对策建议。     

夏季渤海表层沉积物中壬基酚和双酚A的分布特征与潜在生态风险

分析了渤海表层沉积物中壬基酚和双酚A的分布特征。结果表明,壬基酚的含量介于(3.16～13.6)×10-9(dw),高值区出现在渤海湾近岸,其次为辽东半岛近岸和莱州湾近岸,其它海区的含量均低于7.50×10-9(dw),且变化幅度较小。渤海沉积物中的双酚A含量普遍较低,介于(ND～1.44)×10-9(dw),高值区出现在辽东湾近岸。壬基酚和双酚A的含量分布受到陆源输入、环流体系及沉积环境等因素的共同影响。本文还讨论了渤海中壬基酚和双酚A的潜在生态风险。     

危险化学品储运企业“三无”管理模式的构建与实践

通过构建"无违章、无违纪、无未遂事故"的"三无"管理模式,提高班组自主管理和员工遵章守纪的自觉性,使危险化学品储运企业以安全为核心的各项管理水平有了显著提升。     

全氟辛磺酸（PFOS）对非洲爪蟾（Xenopus laevis）生长发育、甲状腺和性腺组织学的影响

为了揭示全氟辛磺酸(PFOS)的甲状腺激素和性激素干扰效应,并探索运用爪蟾动物模型同时检测多种环境内分泌干扰效应的可能性,将NF48阶段非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)蝌蚪暴露于0.01、0.1和1mg·L-1PFOS中6个月,检测PFOS对爪蟾生长、变态、甲状腺和性腺的影响.结果表明,在各取样时间,PFOS组爪蟾体长、体重和蝌蚪尾长与对照组均无显著差异(p>0.05);2个月后,PFOS组比对照组平均慢1个发育阶段,4和6个月后,0.01mg·L-1PFOS组反而比对照组分别快1和2个发育阶段.6个月后,PFOS组甲状腺出现滤泡上皮细胞增生、胶质减少甚至空泡化等现象,且随着PFOS浓度的增加而加重;各组幼蛙性腺出现间性、睾丸珍珠状和先天性萎缩等畸形现象,外观为间性的性腺主要表现为睾丸组织中产生类似雌性个体的卵巢腔.对照组幼蛙的雌雄比为0.5:1,而暴露组分别为2.3:1(0.01mg·L-1组)、4.5:1(0.1mg·L-1组)和5:1(1mg·L-1组).上述结果表明,PFOS对爪蟾的变态过程具有小剂量刺激效应,能引起甲状腺组织结构的损伤,导致睾丸组织的雌性化和雌雄性比的异常升高,表现出明显的甲状腺激素和性激素干扰效应,可以认定为一种环境内分泌干扰物.实验同时表明非洲爪蟾可以用于多种环境内分泌干扰效应的同时检测.     

风险评价在中国化学品管理中的运用

随着人们对化学品有毒与无毒辨证关系的认识、对危害与风险联系的理解的不断深入,风险概念引入了中国化学品管理领域,影响着中国化学品管理的方式。笔者认为我国的化学品应在以下方面加强管理:①充分发挥风险评价和风险管理在新化学物质申报、新农药等新化学品登记、现有危险化学品管理、化学品建设项目影响评价等化学品管理专项领域中的作用;②风险评价应考虑中国的生物多样性、应符合中国的研究水平和管理能力现状、应结合化学品在中国的暴露方式和暴露程度;③风险管理应注重风险信息交流,制定并执行科学可行的质量标准。      

低渗透石化污染场地多相抽提修复效率的数值模拟

借助TOUGH3/TMVOC软件对华北地区某典型污染场地进行模型概化,模拟再现了挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)在层状低渗透性介质中的运移和分布特征;同时,设置了不同情景的多相抽提方案,分析了渗透率对多相抽提技术(MPE)去除效率的影响.结果表明,VOCs在该介质中主要以非水相液体(NAPL)相形式存在,且NAPL相饱和度...     

油田化学品的环境和生态毒理行为

综述了近年来在油田化学品的环境行为和生态毒理学方面的研究成果和发展趋势。根据油田化学品的使用、分类及相关标准,对油田化学品的性质、降解性、环境行为以及生态毒性行为进行了分析和研究,提出了其环境安全问题和今后研究方向,为以后对于油田化学品的研究与应用提供了充分的参考和依据。     

基于多目标优化的危险化学品运输模式探讨

近年来,危险化学品在运输过程中的事故越来越多,危害也越来越大,人们关于运输的安全意识也越来越强烈。本文介绍了多目标遗传算法、多目标优化、多目标进化以及他们之间的关系,并将多目标优化问题与危险化学品运输紧密联系起来,建立基于多目标优化的危险化学品运输模式。通过对危化品公路运输的问题描述以及约束条件（包括运输人员、押送人员、运输车辆、监督部门等等）的确定,把该问题转化成为拥有多目标的数学模型,最后利用网格法对危险化学品运输多目标优化进行求解,把多目标问题转化成为多个相互联系的2目标问题,通过减少目标函数边界的方法进行优化。通过这样求解的多目标问题,能够保证运输路径最短、费用最低、安全性最佳,为危险化学品运输安全提供技术支撑。