持久性有机污染物的水污染控制:吸附富集、生物降解与过程分析

介绍了持久性有机污染物(POPs)的定义、来源以及我国涉及POPs的工业生产与数量分布,明确氯碱工业、有机氯工业等精细化工业与垃圾焚烧厂产生的POPs成为未来的主要污染源;对统计数据进行分析指出,由于历史上POPs的应用以及排放,我国工业发达地区河段水体中普遍检出POPs,浓度为几到几十ng·L-1范围,部分流域超标;...     

新化工装置风险评价方法的研究

回顾了中国与欧美化工新装置风险评价技术的发展,分析了中国与欧美风险评价的异同、中国风险评价存在的问题。结合作者的实践,介绍与讨论了新化工装置设立安全评价阶段的风险评价方法,推荐和介绍了物理化学方法作为评价方法应用的实例。专家分析评议法、物理化学方法、评价软件模拟等评价方法的综合使用,尽可能地做到根据经验、专业知识从已建装置分析拟建装置、利用物化方法较系统地分析装置反应过程、利用评价软件直观地模拟风险,各种评价方法互补、定性与定量互补,从而较系统、完整地完成化工新装置的安全评价工作,以减少装置的安全隐患,有助于使装置顺利地投入运行。     

某化工企业内操职业心理现状分析与改进

通过对某化工企业室内操作人员(以下简称内操)职业心理现状进行的调查分析,追踪内操职业心理成因并提出建议与指导,通过一系列措施的制定和落实,改进管理,改善内操心境,引导内操健康生活、快乐工作。     

2001~2019年气象条件对江苏省PM2.5分布的影响

利用区域在线空气质量模式WRF-Chem模拟研究了2001～2019年气象条件对江苏省PM_2.5浓度分布的影响.在排放源不变的情况下,气象条件引起的江苏省PM_2.5年均浓度的最强正、负异常分别出现在2008和2001年,它们的异常值相对于多年平均值分别占比10.5%和-14.3%,表明气象条件对PM_2.5浓度年际变化有明显影响.经验正交函数分解的结果表明,气象条件对江苏省PM_2.5浓度的空间分布的影响具有一致性.边界层高度、温度、相对湿度、风速和降水整体上都与江苏省PM_2.5浓度呈现显著负相关关系.以上气象因子所构建的线性回归方程能较好地描述PM_2.5浓度和气象条件之间的关系,其拟合值与模拟值相关性为0.73,通过了99%的信度水平检验.     

超声波诱导催化氧化处理有机化学实验室废水的初步试验

采用超声波诱导催化氧化处理有机化学实验室废水,探讨了超声辐射时间等因素对有机化学实验室废水处理效果的影响,获得了最佳工艺条件：100mLCOD为4632mg／L的废水（初始pH值=3）在超声辐射反应时间50min,Fe^2＋离子浓度为100mg/L,H2O2浓度为800mg／L的条件下,COD去除率达到79％。     

Four storms with sub-events: sampling and analysis

Analysis of ion concentration of samples taken sequentially during a storm event is important in order to reveal the relation between the atmospheric conditions and ion concentrations in each sub-event. This study presents the interrelationship among the chemical composition parameters and atmospheric variables for four storm events that were sampled in Istanbul during a) January 21-23, 2004 b) November 9-11, 2003 c) February 12-13, 2004 and d) October 27-28, 2003. These events lasted 53.3, 47.9, 27.5 and 13.2 h and the number of collected samples for each event was 22, 14, 7 and 4, in order. Generally values of pH and concentrations of ions in the first sub-events for all four cases were found higher than those of the other sub-event samples taken in sequence owing to the strong initial washout of the atmosphere by raindrops. Precipitation events a and c include rain and snow together where precipitation started as rain and continued as snow after 16th and 3rd sub-events. Higher concentration of ions in the snow in comparison with that of rain sub-events samples can be explained by more efficient below cloud scavenging of atmospheric constituents, especially aerosol particles, by snowflakes. In general, all of the ions sampled in the sub-events for four storms have variability similar to each other, with high correlation coefficient among themselves. Cl(-) and SO(4)(2-) were found to be the dominant ions in average overall sub-events. Calculated NSS concentration values of ions indicated that the main source of SO(4)(2-) was industrial and domestic emissions, most of the Ca(2+) and K(+) came from soil, nearly half of the Mg(2+) and all of the Cl(-) originated from sea.     

土壤吸附菲的灰色关联分析

在分析吸附机理研究方法的基础上,提出了一种判别吸附机理与模型的新方法.从影响吸附的诸因素入手,用灰色关联分析方法计算了不同颗粒粒径(26.9～38.9 μm)、SOC(8.85～17.15mg/g)和CEC(12.49～38.74 cmol/kg)的6种土壤吸附菲的反应中,SOC、CEC及颗粒粒径对吸附量的影响.结果表明,各影响因素的重要性顺序为:颗粒粒径＞SOC＞CEC;表面吸附理论是土壤吸附菲的主要吸附机理,分配理论次之.还讨论了描述此反应的吸附模型,认为多端元反应模型能较好地解释土壤吸附菲的反应.最后得到了一种判定土壤对有机污染物吸附机理与模型的数学方法,对机理研究有一定的指导意义.     

电生成羟基自由基及其对染料降解脱色的研究

以电化学循环伏安法和红外光谱分析 (IR) ,研究了茜素红及酸性铬蓝在电解槽中处理前后的电化学行为的变化 ,进一步阐明Fenton试剂的作用机制。电解生成的过氧化氢与阳极溶解的Fe2+ 进行随后反应 ,生成羟基自由基 (Fenton试剂 ) ,进而对有机染料进行氧化反应 ,使其不饱和的—N＝N—双键断裂 ,分解成萘胺与氨基苯酚磺酸两个部分 ,从而达到有机染料降解、脱色的效果。测试结果表明 ,电解处理15min内 ,脱色率和COD_cr的去除率变化较大 ,电解处理 1h ,COD_cr的去除率达 80 % ,脱色率达 98%.      

EFFECTS OF LAND COVER AND GEOLOGY ON STREAM CHEMISTRY IN WATERSHEDS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY1

ABSTRACT: We measured the base‐flow stream chemistry in all the major physiographic provinces of the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin. The spatial variation of stream chemistry was closely related to differences in geology and land cover among the sampled watersheds. Some stream chemistry variables were strongly affected by geological settings in the watersheds while others were more influenced by land cover. The effects of land cover differed among chemical constituents and regions. Concentrations of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, pH, total alkalinity, and conductivity were mainly functions of carbonate bedrock, especially in the Great Valley. Nitrate‐N and total dissolved N were closely related to cropland and increased as the percentage of cropland increased. The rate of increase varied from region to region with the highest in the Piedmont. Na⁺ and Cl^? were mainly affected by the percentage of developed area in a watershed, especially in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont. We observed no significant effects of region or land cover on species of phosphorus because samples were collected under base flow conditions and only dissolved forms were measured. Dissolved silicate (DSi) was not related to any other water chemistry variables. DSi increased as developed area decreased and cropland increased in the Coastal Plain, but these patterns were reversed in the Piedmont. There was no consistent pattern in the spatial variation of land cover effects on the reduced forms of N, dissolved organic P, dissolved organic matter, and K⁺.     

青藏高原降水化学研究

一般认为天然降雨呈弱酸性,但是观测显示青藏高原上拉萨及其它3个城市降水呈碱性,以重碳酸盐阳离子为主,污染物很少.通过对实测资料和试验结果的分析计算,认为地球上干旱和半干旱地区天然降水的应呈弱碱性,原因是大气中漂浮着碱性粉尘.