Determination of haloacetic acids concentrations in hospital effluent after chlorination by ion chromatography

The ion chromatography combined solid phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the analysis of low concentration haloacetic acids(HAAs),a calss of disinfection by-products formed as a result of chlorination of hospital wastewater. The monitored HAAs included monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. The method employed a sodium hydroxide eluent at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, electrolytically generated gradients, and suppressed conductivity detection. To analyze the HAAs in real hospital wastewater samples, C18 pretreatment cartridge was utilized to reduce samples' turbidity. Preconcentration with SPE and matrix elimination with treatment cartridges were investigated and were found to be able to obtain acceptable detection limits. Linearity, repeatability and detection limits of the above method were evaluated. The detection limits of monobromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid were 2.61 μg/L and 1.30 μg/L respectively, and the other three are ranging from 0.48 to 0.82 μg/L under 25-fold preconcentration. When the above optimization procedure was applied to three hospital wastewater samples with different treatment processes in Tianjin, it was found that the dichloroacetic acid is the major compound, and the growth ratios of the HAAs after disinfection by sodium hypochlorite were 91.28%, 63.61% and 79.50%, respectively.     

松花江饮用水氯消毒中氯仿形成的优化控制

通过对松花江水进行大量实验 ,找出TOC的含量、投氯量、温度和 pH值等对氯仿形成的定量关系 ,确定了饮用水氯化的优化条件 ,使饮用水氯化过程中形成的氯仿含量不超过国家饮用水的标准     

Determination of trichloroacetic acid in environmental studies using carbon 14 and chlorine 36

Radioisotopes carbon 14 and chlorine 36 were used to elucidate the environmental role of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) formerly taken to be a herbicide and a secondary air pollutant with phytotoxic effects. However, use of ¹⁴C-labeling posed again known analytical problems, especially in TCA extraction from the sample matrix. Therefore—after evaluation of available methods—a new procedure using decarboxylation of [1,2-¹⁴C]TCA combined with extraction of the resultant ¹⁴C-chloroform with a non-polar solvent and its subsequent radiometric measurement was developed. The method solves previous difficulties and permits an easy determination of amounts between 0.4 and 20 kBq (10–500 ng g⁻¹) of carrier-less [1,2-¹⁴C]TCA in samples from environmental investigations. The procedure is, however, not suitable for direct [³⁶Cl]TCA determination in chlorination studies with ³⁶Cl. Because TCA might be microbially degraded in soil during extraction and sample storage and its extraction from soil or needles is never complete, the decarboxylation method—i.e. 2 h TCA decomposition to chloroform and CO₂ in aqueous solution or suspension in closed vial at 90 °C and pH 4.6 with subsequent CHCl₃ extraction—is recommended here, estimated V < 7%. Moreover, the influence of pH and temperature on the decarboxylation of TCA in aqueous solution was studied in a broad range and its environmental relevance is shown in the case of TCA decarboxylation in spruce needles which takes place also at ambient temperatures and might amount more than 10–20% after a growing season. A study of TCA distribution in spruce needles after below-ground uptake shows the highest uptake rate into current needles which have, however, a lower TCA content than older needle-year classes, TCA biodegradation in forest soil leads predominatingly to CO₂.     

新型溴代苯酚类消毒副产物的氯化降解机制

最近,13种新型极性卤代苯酚类消毒副产物在氯化消毒后的饮用水中被发现,它们按结构被分成4组,分别是二卤-4-羟基苯甲醛、二卤-4-羟基苯甲酸、二卤水杨酸和三卤苯酚.为研究它们在氯化消毒过程中的降解机制,选取了其中的4种全溴代种类,即3,5-二溴-4-羟基苯甲醛、3,5-二溴-4-羟基苯甲酸、3,5-二溴水杨酸以及2,4,6-三溴苯酚,利用UPLC/ESI-tq MS中的前体离子扫描,多反应监测和子离子扫描,鉴定了这几种消毒副产物在氯化消毒过程中的中间产物以及终产物,并根据这些中间产物和终产物与消毒时间的关系推测了其降解路径.结果表明,除了3,5-二溴水杨酸相对较稳定外,其余3种消毒副产物在氯化消毒过程中不稳定,通过取代、水解以及氧化等过程最终降解为卤乙酸等脂肪族小分子消毒副产物.在降解过程中有许多中间产物被检测并鉴定出来,其中包含一组具有五元环结构的新型消毒副产物(三卤代-羟基环戊烯二酮).     

饮用水中消毒副产物-卤化酮的生成特性与控制研究进展

卤化酮（haloketones）具有较强的致癌、致畸和致突变性,是饮用水处理领域颇为关注的一类卤代消毒副产物。这类物质可广泛存在于经消毒后的出厂水中,其含量仅次于三卤甲烷、卤乙酸和卤代腈,浓度一般在ng/L与μg/L的水平。鉴于卤化酮具有较强的致癌、致畸和致突变性,是饮用水处理领域颇为关注的一类卤代消毒副产物,本文对其分类特性、检测方法、生成机理、遗传毒性和致癌性、控制方法等进行了综述,这对于国内开展该方向的研究具有参考价值。     

头孢曲松氯化消毒转化产物鉴定及机理研究

以头孢曲松为目标化合物,探索其在氯消毒处理中的转化机理.结果显示头孢曲松在氯化处理中主要发生两种反应,一种为氧化反应,另一种为氯化反应.头孢曲松分子中的硫醚官能团经氧化生成亚砜产物,消毒剂中的氯原子与噻唑环中的4-C原子发生亲电取代反应生成氯代产物.更为重要的是,本研究还探讨了低浓度头孢曲松在环境水体基质中的氯化转化特征,结果表明,本文所推测的反应机理在含头孢曲松的实际环境水样的氯化处理中同样发生.     

饮用水中典型微生物消毒过程中消毒副产物的生成规律

以饮用水中典型微生物--大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）为试验对象,研究pH值、氯化时间、氯投量及细菌浓度对大肠杆菌在氯化消毒过程中生成消毒副产物（DBPs）的影响,并分析何种氯化条件下,DBPs控制效果最佳.研究表明：随氯投量增加,二氯乙腈（DCAN）呈先上升后下降趋势;随氯化时间延长,三氯丙酮（1,1,1-TCP）和DCAN先增加后减少;在pH值从5升高到9时,1,1,1-DCP、三氯硝基甲烷（TCNM）、二氯乙酸（DCAA）和三氯乙酸（TCAA）持续降低;细菌污染水源事件在近年常有报道,当水源水中细菌浓度增加时,饮用水中三氯甲烷（TCM）、TCNM、DCAA和TCAA浓度增加,但DCAN、三氯乙腈（TCAN）、二氯丙酮（1,1-DCP）和1,1,1-TCP不一定增加.为了达到低毒性的目的,氯投量浓度不宜太高,同时控制氯化时间为6h和pH>8.     

再生水紫外线-氯联合消毒工艺特性研究

以二级出水作为消毒对象,比较了紫外线-氯联合消毒与单一紫外线消毒对水中肠道指示菌的灭活效果,考察了联合消毒工艺副产物(三卤甲烷)生成情况.结果表明,单一紫外线消毒对肠道指示菌的灭活曲线在剂量大于10mJ/cm2时存在拖尾现象,剂量为80mJ/cm2时对总大肠菌群最高对数灭活率约为2.5;而在紫外线剂量20mJ/cm2、氯投加量8mg/L(接触时间30min)条件下,紫外线-氯联合消毒对总大肠菌群的对数灭活率达到7.0.20mJ/cm2紫外线与8mg/L氯消毒组合及80mJ/cm2紫外线与3mg/L氯消毒组合均可有效灭活总大肠菌群浓度至3CFU/L以下.经紫外线照射后再氯消毒,二级出水中三卤甲烷生成量仅为10~55mg/L.80mJ/cm2紫外线照射再氯消毒后三卤甲烷生成量略高于20mJ/cm2紫外线照射再氯消毒的情形.紫外线消毒后投加氯消毒,可有效提高再生水消毒效果,控制消毒副产物生成量.     

饮用水中悬浮颗粒物对微生物聚集和消毒效果的影响

针对目前有关消毒剂胁迫下颗粒物对微生物保护作用机制尚不清晰,以饮用水中微生物为研究对象,通过构建静态模拟实验装置,解析消毒剂胁迫下针铁矿对微生物聚集和消毒效果的影响机制.结果表明,当未投加消毒剂氯时,针铁矿浓度对水中微生物失活率基本没有影响;而当有氯存在时,针铁矿促进氯的衰减、微生物胞外聚合物的分泌以及其聚集行为,进而...     

紫外光-氯联用污水消毒削弱拖尾程度的实验研究

研究了紫外光-氯联用消毒工艺削弱二级出水氯消毒拖尾程度.考察了紫外光-氯使用顺序、pH、氯投量、紫外光剂量等因素对氯消毒大肠杆菌动力学曲线的影响.SS浓度对"拖尾现象"有显著影响,降低SS浓度能够有效提高拖尾区灭活率.紫外光-氯联用消毒能提高一级反应区的灭活速率1.08～1.25倍,并将拖尾区灭活率提高2～2.5个对数级,二者存在明显协同作用.UV/HOCl方式效果优于HOCl/UV方式.降低pH,提高氯投量将加快一级反应区消毒速度而更快进入拖尾区.紫外光剂量变化对拖尾区开始时间没有显著影响.