重金属对厌氧污泥电子传递体系活性影响研究

以2-氯酚（2-CP）厌氧降解污泥电子传递体系(ETS)活性为考察对象,研究了3种典型重金属元素Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺、Ni²⁺对ETS活性的影响,并比较了驯化过程对提高厌氧微生物抗重金属毒性的作用.重金属离子对厌氧污泥呼吸活性的抑制作用发生很快,在0.25 h内就已表现出来,并随金属浓度的增加而加剧.驯化前,3种金属的作用均表现为抑制,抑制作用的强弱顺序为Ni²⁺>Cd²⁺>Cu²⁺,抑制强度与金属离子在水溶液中的含量成正相关关系.采用低浓度金属离子驯化的方法可以有效改善重金属毒性.驯化后,Cu²⁺毒性的降幅约为10%,Cd²⁺毒性的最大降幅超过40%,Ni²⁺对污泥ETS活性的作用则基本表现为促进,最佳促进浓度约为70　mg/L.Ni²⁺对ETS活性的特殊激活作用可能与其能形成正四面体结构的络合物有关.驯化作用对改善金属毒性的效果：Ni²⁺>Cd²⁺> Cu²⁺.     

微生物燃料电池表观内阻的构成和测量

将微生物燃料电池内部各种阻力用表观内阻统一表征,在建立其等效电路的基础上将表观内阻分为欧姆内阻和非欧姆内阻2部分。通过稳态放电法测量微生物燃料电池表观内阻,在改变外电阻后稳定时间需要60s以上方能保证测定准确性,通过稳态放电法测定一室型微生物燃料电池的表观内阻为289?,当外电阻等于表观内阻时微生物燃料电池对外输出功率达到最大,为241mW/m2;通过电流中断法测量一室型微生物燃料电池的欧姆内阻为99?,测定结果与断电前电流强度无关;当一室型微生物燃料电池对外供电分别处于活化极化区、欧姆极化区和浓差极化区时,非欧姆电阻占总内阻的比例分别为93％、66％和75％,在电池对外供电达到最大时非欧姆占总内阻比例最低。提高微生物燃料电池产电能力需要同时降低电池的欧姆内阻和非欧姆内阻。     

Detection, isolation, and identification of cadmium-resistant bacteria based on PCR-DGGE

This study focused on the screening of cadmium-resistant bacterial strains from Pb-Zn tailing. We investigated the diversity of microbial community inhabiting Dong-san-cha Pb-Zn tailing in Beijing, China, by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） of 16S rRNA gene of bacterial strain, and found two dominant strains in the DGGE profile. Using special culture media, we isolated two strong cadmium-resistant bacterial strains. On the basis of morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, BIOLOG, and 16S rDNA sequencing, the two strains were identified as Bacillus cereus and Enterobacter cloacae. Minimal inhibitory concentrations （MICs） of heavy metals for the bacteria were determined. E. cloacae showed higher MIC values for heavy metals and a larger range of antibiotic resistance than B. cereus.     

Statistical optimization of adsorption processes for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by activated carbon derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches

The adsorption capacity of activated carbon produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches through removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solution was carried out in the laboratory. The activated carbon was produced by thermal activation of activation time with 30 min at 800℃. The adsorption process conditions were determined with the statistical optimization followed by central composite design. A developed polynomial model for operating conditions of adsorption process indicated that the optimum conditions for maximum adsorption of phenolic compound were： agitation rate of 100 r/min, contact time of 8 h, initial adsorbate concentration of 250 mg/L and pH 4. Adsorption isotherms were conducted to evaluate biosorption process. Langmuir isotherm was more favorable （R^2=0.93） for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by the activated carbon rather than Freundlich isotherm （R^2=0.88）.     

A review of diversity-stability relationship of soil microbial community: What do we not know?

The impact of decreased biodiversity on ecosystem stability, or the diversity-stability (D-S) relationship, is one of the major concerns of modern ecological studies. Studies on the D-S relationship for soil microbial communities began in 2000 when the fumigation method was developed to generate different levels of soil microbial biodiversity. The studies used various measures and levels of biodiversity, and covered several functional parameters. Due to the lack of general concepts and reliable approaches to define microbial species, studies on the D-S relationship of soil microbial communities concentrate on genetic diversity and functional diversity more than species diversity. Contradictory results were observed in various studies on D-S relationship with possible factors affecting or even changing the directions of the D-S relationship including: (1) the methods of stability measurement, (2) the techniques in microbial diversity measurement, (3) the measures and levels of diversity, (4) the type and strength of disturbance, (5) the traits of functions, and (6) the hidden treatments stemming from diversity manipulation. We argue that future studies should take diversity, species composition and interaction, and soil environmental conditions holistically into account in D-S studies to develop modeling to predict soil functional stability. We also suggest that studies should be carried out on a wider range of disturbance types and functional parameters, and efforts be shifted towards long-term field studies.     

环境中抗药细菌及其抗药基因的研究进展

抗生素的大量使用,诱发环境中的细菌和基因产生了抗药性。环境中的抗药细菌及其抗药基因被列为"新型污染物"逐渐引起了人们的关注。为此,文章介绍了环境中抗药细菌及其抗药基因的产生机制,总结了其在环境中的浓度和分布状况,分析了污水处理厂对抗药细菌及其抗药基因的去除特性,并指出在我国开展相关研究的必要性。     

碳纳米管-羟磷灰石对铅的吸附特性研究

采用多壁碳纳米管-羟磷灰石(MWCNT-HAP)复合材料,通过间歇试验研究了MWCNT-HAP对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性.主要探讨了固液比、p H、离子强度、反应时间、Pb(Ⅱ)的初始质量浓度及温度等因素对吸附的影响.结果表明,固液比、p H与温度对于去除Pb(Ⅱ)的影响较大,离子强度影响较小.当温度为20℃,固液比为0.08 g·L-1,p H0为5.5,Pb(Ⅱ)的初始质量浓度为100 mg·L-1时,吸附量为716.13 mg·g-1.动力学试验结果表明,MWCNT-HAP吸附Pb(Ⅱ)为快速反应过程,在30 min时,吸附量可达最大吸附量的90%,60 min即可达平衡.伪二级动力学模型可较好地拟合动力学试验数据,可采用该模型描述MWCNT-HAP对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附的动力学过程.热力学试验结果表明,在不同温度下的自由能变均为负值,表明MWCNT-HAP对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附为自发反应,升温有利于反应进行.Langmuir模型拟合不同温度下的等温试验结果得到可决定系数(R2为0.999 8~1.000 0),可采用该模型模拟MWCNT-HAP对Pb(Ⅱ)的等温吸附过程.MWCNT-HAP去除Pb(Ⅱ)的主要机制为MWCNT-HAP表面含氧官能团与Pb2+间的络合反应、HAP的分解-沉淀、Pb2+与Ca2+离子交换等.     

混凝预处理及膜面流速控制对微滤膜污染的影响研究

为研究膜面流速和混凝预处理对微滤过程膜污染的综合影响,用旋流式膜混凝反应器进行了不同流量、入口管径、混凝剂投加量下的除浊试验。结果表明,直接微滤时,高膜面流速加剧了初期膜的孔堵污染,但抑制了滤饼层的累积,适于长期运行;在质量浓度为0~18 mg/L范围内增大聚合氯化铝（PAC）投加量可显著抑制膜过滤阻力的增长;以速度梯度（G）表征絮体状态,由于絮体尺寸和错流的综合作用,投加混凝剂后,G在20~70 s-1范围内,414.64 s-1时微滤膜污染较轻。     

上流式厌氧生物膜-二级生物接触氧化处理猪场废水的研究

介绍了采用上流式厌氧生物膜反应器耦合二级生物接触氧化处理猪场废水。在一级生物接触氧化池内实现短程硝化,将产生的NO2-回流至上流式厌氧生物膜反应器,在上流式厌氧生物膜反应器内实现厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同,实现在厌氧条件下对NH4+-N的去除。将该系统用于处理实际猪场废水,系统对猪场原废水COD平均去除率为97%,TN平均去除率为84.2%,NH4+-N平均去除率分别为88.2%。     

聚丙烯酰胺对生活污泥脱水的实验研究

设置了聚丙烯酰胺的投药量、搅拌速度、絮凝温度、p H 4个影响因素,研究了聚丙烯酰胺在污泥絮凝的过程中,污泥的沉降性能和脱水性能。在单因素实验的基础上,进行了响应面分析试验,经过优化得到最优条件为投加量50.29mg/L、搅拌速度133.8r/min、p H 3.04、温度30.84℃。此时污泥比阻值为4.96×107s2/g。