单、双离子色谱柱互换分析方法研究

本文主要介绍，将日本岛津公司的ＨＩＣ－６Ａ离子色谱仪中的单离子色谱柱改成双离子色谱柱，在测定水质中阴离子含量时，对分析条件选择的结果，加以初浅的分析。它改换的成功，为我们环境水质监测节约了资金，同时也是一种可推广的分析方法。     

国内外环境空气质量标准对比分析

2012年2月,国务院发布新修订GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》,该标准突显较大的进步,对比美国、欧盟、日本、中国香港等国家、地区和组织现行的环境空气质量标准,结果表明,SO2、CO、NO2、O3、PM10和Pb等仍是各国的重点控制污染项目,PM2.5也已经成为各国重点控制项目;中国新标准中一级标准的污染物浓度限值已接近世界大多数发达国家的控制标准,但二级标准还有很大的空间进行更加严格的修订;中国的环境空气质量标准目前采用分级制度进行管理,阻碍了地区控制污染物的均衡发展,建议逐步取消质量标准分级制度。     

水质毒性检测方法的对比研究

随着环境污染加剧,需要在水环境污染物监测方面有一种快速、灵敏、低廉的监测方法,以确保水资源的环境安全。本文选取国内比较常用的五种方法——发光细菌毒性实验法、斑马鱼毒性实验法、大型蚤类毒性实验法、藻类急性毒性实验法、蚕豆根尖微核法,以重铬酸钾（K2Cr2O7）配制成待测溶液测定水质毒性,通过实验比较了各种方法的灵敏性、准确性、可靠性。分析比较了这几种方法的优缺点和研究概况,并对存在的问题给出了建议,为加速国内水质检测应用提供了思路。     

城镇污水处理厂进、出水COD浓度变化规律分析

通过对某城镇污水处理厂进出水COD浓度进行手工与在线仪器24小时的对比监测,利用该厂在线监测数据,分析了城镇污水处理厂进出水COD浓度的日、周变化规律以及进水浓度与降水量的变化关系,明确了样品的代表性,为COD总量减排和环境管理提供了技术参考。     

河北省部分典型区域环境卫星CCD影像与Landsat TM影像的对比

根据环境卫星CCD影像与Landsat TM影像,对河北省部分典型区域进行了详细对比研究。结果表明,环境卫星CCD影像和Landsat TM影像在颜色、纹理、形状、大小等方面均存在一些差异,但对生态环境质量评价的影像解译工作影响不大。     

国内外生态工业园对比分析

以丹麦卡伦堡生态工业园和我国山东日照生态工业园为具体实例,对比分析国内外生态工业园建设在政府、企业和公众参与3方面的差异,并以两个生态工业园的经济效益以及环境质量状况来说明两个生态工业园都不同程度地达到了生态工业园建设的目标,即经济高效,环境优美,人与自然和谐。结合生态工业园的对比分析,对我国生态工业园建设提出了建议。     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.     

渭河上游两次致洪暴雨过程的对比分析

对渭河支流上游两次致洪暴雨过程进行了对比分析,结果表明:在泾河上游,两次大暴雨的落区相差在100km以内;两次暴雨过程均给当地和渭河下游造成了严重的洪涝灾害;洪水过程的洪峰特点分别属于缓型洪水和陡型洪水;500hPa天气分型虽然一次为西南气流型,一次为西风槽型,但700hPa的直接影响系统基本相同.物理量诊断对比分析表明:在暴雨出现前12h,低层辐合、高层辐散的垂直结构已基本形成,到暴雨出现临近辐合辐散迅速加强,为暴雨形成和维持提供了非常有利的动力条件.     

输气管道隧道的脆弱性评估方法研究

为研究输气管道隧道的脆弱性,结合工程和实践研究,建立管道本体致灾因子、隧道本体致灾因子、人为致灾因子和环境致灾因子4个方面共16个底层因素的指标体系。采用加速遗传算法改进的层次分析法（AGA-AHP）计算脆弱性级别权重和样本集权重。对于脆弱性级别权重边界突变的问题,用拟合曲线的方法来解决。运用组合权重与模糊综合评价法相结合的方法,按照不同隶属原则分别对系统整体和各子系统的脆弱性进行对比评估。实例分析结果表明,该输气管道隧道表现为中脆弱性,管道公司应及时采取有效措施整治和改善。