外源Ni在干旱区绿洲土壤-小麦系统中的迁移及其生物有效性

以西北干旱区绿洲灌淤土为供试土壤,采用盆栽模拟试验和室内分析研究了Ni对小麦的生物效应及其在土壤-小麦系统中的迁移规律.结果表明:Ni在低添加质量分数下能促进小麦生长,但达到临界值240 mg·kg-1后,就会出现明显的毒害作用.随着Ni添加质量分数的增加,各器官中Ni含量也呈增长趋势.小麦根对Ni的富集能力最强,籽粒对Ni的富集能力最弱.随着Ni添加质量分数的增加,土壤中可交换态Ni和碳酸盐结合态Ni所占比例呈增加趋势.对小麦而言,可交换态Ni是生物有效态.     

Fast method for simulation of radionuclide chain migration in dual porosity fracture rocks

In fractured rocks with a porous rock matrix such as granites, radionuclides will flow with the water in the fracture network. The nuclides will diffuse in and out the rock matrix where they can sorb and be considerably retarded compared to the water velocity. A water parcel entering the network will mix and split at the fracture intersections and parts of the original parcel will traverse a multitude of different fractures. The flowrates, velocities, sizes and apertures of the fractures can vary widely. Normally one must solve the transport equations for every fracture and use the effluent concentration as inlet condition to the next fracture and so on. It is shown that under some weakly simplified conditions it suffices to determine one single parameter group containing information on the flow wetted surface that a water parcel contacts along the entire path. It is also shown how this can be obtained. Then, solving the transport equations only once for time and location along the path gives the concentration and nuclide flux of every nuclide in the chain everywhere along a path. The same solution actually is valid for every path in the network. This dramatically reduces the computation effort. The same approach can be used for models based on streamtubes.     

Assessment of the risk of excess sulfur input into terrestrial ecosystems of the Kola Peninsula

The tolerance of terrestrial ecosystems of the Kola Peninsula to atmospheric deposition of acid-forming sulfur compounds and the risk of their excess input into these ecosystems have been assessed on the basis of the critical load concept. The most sensitive ecosystems (critical sulfur load <400 equiv/ha per year) occupy 58% of the total area of the peninsula. These are mainly pine, spruce, and birch forests (including open and crooked birch forests) growing on podzols formed on sandy boulder-pebble glacial deposits. The zones of ecological risk cover the northwestern and central parts of the peninsula near the Pechenganikel and Severonikel combined works (20% of the total area).     

APPLICATION OF CRITICAL PATH METHOD TO WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1

ABSTRACT. The task of resource management, in this case water resources, is rapidly becoming more complex, particularly because decision making is often contingent upon various prior activities and sets of data. Comprehensive planning is required in order to prevent misallocation of resources or mismanagement in resource development. Such planning involves five general phases which are applicable to any problem faced by society: (1) problem identification; (2) formulation of alternatives; (3) evaluation of alternatives; (4) implementation; (5) review. There have been many attempts to simplify the planning process and effectively carry out these five phases. The experience of the Alberta Water Resources Division has been that the Critical Path Method is one of the most useful tools available today for planning. It involves two basic steps: (1) preparation of a network diagram which (a) identifies all the activities necessary for the completion of a project, (b) correctly sequences these activities, (c) allocates resources; and (2) mathematical computations for scheduling the activities. In other words, this approach breaks a task down into smaller units or activities for easier organization, scheduling, and performance for eventual completion of the project. This paper will illustrate the effectiveness of the Critical Path Method by discussing its application to actual water resources projects.     

DDS系列煤炭自燃阻化剂实验研究

为寻找高效阻化剂以防止煤炭自热引燃，在控温炉中对ＤＤＳ系列煤自燃阻化剂的阻化效果进行了实验研究，并与经前的阻化剂做了比较。实验采用烟煤作为试样，借助于著名的Ｆｒａｎｋ－Ｋａｍｅｎｅｔｓｋｉｉ模型，利用４，６，８和１０厘米立方体阻化煤磁地６０－２２０℃温度范围估测其氧化反应的活化能。     

REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF DEPLETED AQUIFERS1

ABSTRACT: Aquifers with pressure head seriously reduced by overdrafting are referred to as depleted. In coastal areas they may be invaded by saltwater. An obvious remedy is to reduce the rate of withdrawal to the permanently available dependable yield. This is being done now in two areas for New Jersey, under the authority of the State's Water Supply Management Act; but it has not previously been accomplished on a regional scale. The dependable yield was estimated by means of detailed hydrogeological modeling. “Water Supply Critical Areas” were delimited on the basis of piezometric pressure, drawn down 30 feet below sea level. Within the depleted area, water withdrawals must be reduced by a fixed ratio (35 to 50 percent) below the amount withdrawn during 1983. This reduction is effective as soon as al alternative source of water can be made available, usually from a surface source. Special arrangements are made whereby ground water users unconnected to the alternative source of supply can pay to withdrawn their full needs from the depleted aquifers, the money being used to purchase additional water from the new surface water source, in return for which some other user will reduce his ground water withdrawal below his reduced allocation.     

Effects of Regional Reductions in Sulphur Deposition on the Chemical and Biological Recovery of Lakes within Killarney Park, Ontario, Canada

The lakes in KillarneyProvincial Park, located 40–60 km southwest ofSudbury, Ontario, were some of the first lakesin North America to be acidified by atmosphericpollutants. Acidification affected thousandsof fish and invertebrate populations in dozensof lakes. Since the 1970's, water quality hasimproved in response to atmospheric pollutionreductions and some lakes have alreadyrecovered to approximately their pre-industrialpH levels, as inferred from diatom microfossilsin lake sediments. Since the 1970's, fishspecies richness has not changed substantially,but zooplankton species richness has increasedin acidified lakes. The critical sulphur load,the amount of SO₂-derived acid depositionthat can occur while still maintaining suitable water quality, was estimated to beexceeded in 38% of the park area in 1997. Depending on which of four possible NorthAmerican emission control scenarios (CLR =currently legislated reduction; CLR + 25%; CLR+ 50%; CLR + 75%) is achieved by 2010, theprojected critical loads will be exceeded inabout 0-30% of the park area in the future. There are many factors that can affectbiological recovery rates of damaged lakes, butit is expected that biological recovery willlag considerably behind observed chemicalrecovery rates.     

全流稀释风道机动车排放颗粒物采集系统的集成及其流量控制和调节

以机动车排放颗粒物采集和分析为主要目的,开发了全流稀释风道机动车排放颗粒物采集系统.文章阐述了全流稀释风道的系统集成以及流量控制系统的设计和调节,其中包括设计应用范围、主要技术参数、系统检定等.流量控制系统采用的关键技术,即文丘里管组合装配方式具有控制流量范围广、变更灵活的特点,可以适应小到摩托车,大到重型柴油车等不同类型车辆检测的需要.     

我国大陆润湿时间的温度分布规律

根据全国195个气象台站10年的4次日记温度湿度数据统计了各站高于25℃和低于25℃的年润湿时间．研究了我国大陆地区温度超过25℃的年润湿时间所占比例的分布规律。研究表明：在我国大陆地区，25℃以上的年润湿时间所占比例很少高于50％，该比例是东部高于西部，南部高于北部，沿海高于内地。     

铁路汛期行车安全对策——雨量警戒制度研究

雨量警戒制度是铁路部门用于指导进行汛期警戒 ,确保线路汛期行车安全的一种安全保障制度 ,由警戒标准、防御标准和管理制度 3部分组成。它是一种分级、分段和各工种联控执行的警戒制度 ,其技术关键包括警戒标准和防御标准的制定。本文提出了雨量警戒制度警戒标准的指标体系 ,建立了警戒标准的制定方法与工作程式 ,并以成昆铁路雨量警戒制度的制定与实施说明了其应用。所提方法对铁路部门制定汛期行车安全对策具有普适意义。