关于雾灾几个相关问题的探讨

首先,基于灾害系统的理论,构建了雾灾灾害系统模式和灾害链模式,提出了以机场和高速公路为承灾体的雾灾灾害链.其次,构建了雾灾承灾体脆弱性评价体系和模型,并对中国雾灾脆弱性分省区进行了评价,结果表明雾灾脆弱性高值区是上海、北京、天津3市;次高值区是江苏、山东、海南、广东等省.最后,以2002年12月的一次大雾天气为例,运用灰色关联度方法,着重对机场客运的雾灾灾情进行了评估,以期为雾灾损失厘定和防灾减灾提供科学的依据.     

环境政策作用机制的分析框架

了解环境政策作用机制是环境政策有效调控的前提和核心,准确理解环境政策作用的背景、成因、过程、作用机制、效应动态、演变规律等;全面而深刻地环境政策副作用和变形的生成-演变规律,了解政策副作用形成机制、传导机制、积累发展机制、作用机制、研究政策变形对环境政策适应性和效率的影响才可能准确预测环境政策所引发的变化,这些变化对社会经济的影响,进而对环境政策的反馈影响和反馈作用,才可能准确有效地设计开发政策工具和调控机制,有铲地进行环境政策调控,提高环境政策的预见性、准确性、操作性和适应性。     

上保护层开采瓦斯综合治理的试验研究

借助于一般的保护层开采理论,对上保护层开采合理参数和保护范围进行了综合分析研究,结合潘东公司具体情况设计了试验方案,现场试验结果表明了该方案的合理性,同时也表明上保护层开采对下临近突出煤层的突出危险消除效果明显,上保护层开采带来的经济和社会效益十分显著。试验结果对类似开采条件的矿井防治煤与瓦斯突出及瓦斯综合治理具有一定指导意义。     

Experimental study on the synergistic inhibition effect of nitrogen and ultrafine water mist on gas explosion in a vented duct

In this study, in order to research the synergistic inhibition effect of nitrogen and ultrafine water mist on gas explosion in a vented duct, a semi-confined transparent chamber was designed with the size of 120 × 120 × 840 mm, and the experiments were carried out with stoichiometric methane/air premixed mixture (fraction of methane: 9.5%), adding different fractions of nitrogen and ultrafine water mist. The experimental results showed the following: The combination of nitrogen and ultrafine water mist had a synergistic inhibiting effect on methane/air explosion, which was preferable to the single use of any kind. With the increase of spraying time of water mist and fraction of nitrogen, the initial shape of the explosion flame became snakelike, and at the same time the peak flame propagation speed and peak overpressure decreased significantly. When the nitrogen fraction was increased to 10% and the mist spraying time was increased to 2min, synergistic inhibiting effect on overpressure was high efficient. However, with the increase of spraying time of water mist and fraction of nitrogen going on, the amount of increase of explosion inhibition efficiency was gradually reduced.     

高压输电系统对通信局(站)危险影响中地电流系数的确定

高压输电系统发生接地短路故障时,会产生一个地电位升,对通信局(站)会危险影响,为了计算这个危险影响的大小,首先能够准确的计算出高压输电系统的地电流系数。本文论述了高压输电系统对通信局(站)危险影响中地电流系数的确定,介绍了地电流系数的定义,并分析了不同危险情况下地电流系数的计算。     

Bacterial toxicity testing and antibacterial activity of parabens

Parabens are used because of their antimicrobial effects, yet they have multiple adverse effects. The aim of this work was to evaluate the bactericidal activity and bacterial toxicity of the most common parabens: methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, isopropylparaben, butylparaben, isobutylparaben and phenylparaben. The bactericidal action was evaluated by means of the dilution-neutralization method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the biotest of inhibition of growth of E. coli was applied for the bacterial toxicity assay. Bactericidal concentrations were reached only for propylparaben, butylparaben and isobutylparaben. The toxicity study showed methylparaben to be the least toxic, whereas the most toxic one was phenylparaben. It can be concluded that the disinfectant activity of the parabens studied is insignificant against S. aureus and E. coli. Acute toxicity is very low, and the inhibitory effect is weak. Our results provide information about the risk–benefit balance of parabens use.     

A hybrid decision-making approach based on FCM and MOORA for occupational health and safety risk analysis

IntroductionWith the development of industries and increased diversity of their associated hazards, the importance of identifying these hazards and controlling the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) risks has also dramatically augmented. Currently, there is a serious need for a risk management system to identify and prioritize risks with the aim of providing corrective/preventive measures to minimize the negative consequences of OHS risks. In fact, this system can help the protection of employees’ health and reduction of organizational costs. Method: The present study proposes a hybrid decision-making approach based on the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM), and Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) for assessing and prioritizing OHS risks. After identifying the risks and determining the values of the risk assessment criteria via the FMEA technique, the attempt is made to determine the weights of criteria based on their causal relationships through FCM and the hybrid learning algorithm. Then, the risk prioritization is carried out using the MOORA method based on the decision matrix (the output of the FMEA) and the weights of the criteria (the output of the FCM). Results: The results from the implementation of the proposed approach in a manufacturing company reveal that the score at issue can overcome some of the drawbacks of the traditional Risk Priority Number (RPN) in the conventional FMEA, including lack of assignment the different relative importance to the assessment criteria, inability to take into account other important management criteria, lack of consideration of causal relationships among criteria, and high dependence of the prioritization on the experts’ opinions, which finally provides a full and distinct risk prioritization.     

Water saving effect on integrated water resource management

This study proposes an improved integrated water resource management (IWRM), in which water conservation was analyzed for the entire water use process. A multi-objective optimization method was applied to optimize the IWRM, which investigated the reduction of freshwater consumption and the total water supply cost. Customer's preference for saving water and an end use analysis (EUA) was applied in the water conservation analysis. Taking Tianjin as the study area, a reduction in customer's economic pressure (EP) was utilized to evaluate the degree of the customer's preference for saving water. The results revealed that agriculture had a greater preference for saving water than other sectors, where as the public had the weakest motivation for saving water. Improving the transportation method could contribute 62.1% of the total water savings in the agriculture sector. The optimization of the IWRM demonstrated that the local freshwater savings would be 21.5%, and the total cost for water supplies would decrease by 13%. However, a government subsidy of 87.5 million Yuan would be needed. Additionally, by analyzing the change in the amount of water savings affected by water price, the appropriate water price increase range was suggested to be 1.5–1.7 times the original price.     

山东省临沂市土壤有机氯农药滴滴涕残留量与空间分布特征

通过对临沂市全区表层土壤每36 km2进行样品收集,测试分析了DDTs、Org C、N等指标,主要研究了区域表层土壤DDTs的残留现状、组成和来源、影响因素、空间分布和环境质量特征.结果表明,调查区表层土壤中DDTs检出率为71.75%,平均含量为0.035μg·g-1;检出样品中p,p'-DDT和p,p'-DDE为主要残留物,平均残留分别为0.033μg·g-1和0.010μg·g-1,分别占检出样的60.99%和34.62%.DDTs降解率指示区域58%表层土壤为新近输入区,新近输入区在调查区中南部分布尤为明显;而p,p'-DDD/p,p'-DDE指示区域DDTs降解以氧化环境为主,o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT指示71.37%区域土壤DDTs输入可能与工业级DDTs有关.相关分析表明,影响土壤DDTs分布的外在因素包括土壤Org C、N、C和p H等指标,且DDTs中p,p'-DDT组分占比越高,影响越明显.DDTs的空间分布具明显点源特征,市县周围均出现明显浓集中心,中南部部分区域浓度明显较高.全区DDTs土壤环境质量污染程度较低,主要以一二类土壤为主,分别占78.95%和21.05%.     

高地下水位地区透水停车场的水文控制效果

为确定高地下水位地区透水铺装对路面径流的水文控制效果,在上海市区建造了4个实验性透水铺装单元与1个不透水铺装对照,其中3个为设有防水衬底的不透型设施分别为透水混凝土铺装(设施Ⅰ)、水泥稳定碎石基层/缝隙透水砖面层(设施Ⅱ)、碎石基层/缝隙透水砖面层(设施Ⅲ),1个普通缝隙透水砖铺装(设施Ⅳ),以及1个不透水混凝土对照(设施0).历时1年监测了实际降雨条件下4种实验设施的表面径流、排水管出流流量及表面渗透速率,考察不同设施的径流总量削减率、峰值削减及峰现延迟能力.结果表明,缝隙透水砖面层的表面稳定渗透速率明显小于透水混凝土面层,使用1年后,2种面层表面稳定渗透速率均明显下降;4种设施的表面产流均无显著差异;3种不透型设施的就地消纳水量能力均较弱,年径流总量控制率分别为24.2%、28.5%、28.4%,排水管不发生出流的控制降雨量分别为5.2 mm、7.8 mm、7.8 mm;设施Ⅰ的峰值削减与峰现延迟效果弱于设施Ⅱ及设施Ⅲ,且3种设施的峰值削减率和峰现延迟时间与降雨强度呈现显著负相关性.