新疆和田河流域河川径流时序特征分析

根据新疆和田河流域3个测站的多年实测径流资料,从径流的年内分配和年际变化2个方面分析了和田河流域河川径流的变化特征。计算结果表明,在年内分配方面,由于径流补给来源的作用,流域径流绝大部分集中在夏季,这就使得径流年内分配不均匀系数和集中度普遍较高,而计算所得的集中期也与实测最大月径流出现的情况相吻合。在径流的年际变化方面,尽管和田河流域的年降雨量存在递增的趋势,但是由于源区高山的雪线高程上升、冰川退缩,再加上人类活动的影响越来越显著,从而导致流域的河川径流呈现微弱的下降趋势。经过周期图法分析得到,和田河流域的年径流量不存在明显的周期成分。     

青岛沿海大气气溶胶中无机组分在粗、细粒子上的分布

在1997-09～1998-08分4次对大气气溶胶进行了监测.结果表明:青岛沿海地区的气溶胶质量浓度多集中于＜2.5μm的细粒子中,同时采暖季节细粒子比例浓度大大高于非采暖季节.SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、K⁺主要存在于粒径小于2.5μm的细粒子中.Na⁺、Cl^-、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺则主要存在于大于2.5μm的粗粒子中,冬季F^-、Cl^-、Br^-均主要存在于细粒子中,而夏季则主要存在于粗粒子中,表明这3种离子在气溶胶粒径分布中可能受人为燃烧源和温度影响.     

Ontogeny and Population: Developmental Stability and Population Variation

By definition, the ontogenetic and population organization levels are fundamentally different. Studies at these levels are traditionally independent. However, it becomes increasingly evident that special analysis of individuals in terms of ontogeny is necessary for correct estimation of populations and their spatiotemporal dynamics, as well as for understanding the mechanisms of population processes.     

Measurement of Atmospheric Deposition Under Forest Canopies: Some Recommendations for Equipment and Sampling Design

Quantification of the forest water flux provides valuable information for the understanding of forest ecosystem functioning. As such, throughfall (and stemflow to a lesser extent) has been frequently measured. Although throughfall collection may seem relatively simple, the requirements to obtain reliable estimates are often underestimated. This review addresses the criteria to take into account when working out the sampling procedure, from the selection of equipment to implementation in the field. Sound sampling of the forest water flux is difficult due to its high spatial and temporal variation. The high costs entailed by the ideal sampling design often prohibit its implementation. Different procedures are available, some of which are compromises between the aim of the study (monitoring or experimental study, short or long term objectives, absolute or relative estimates, quality of the assessment to be achieved) and the available means.     

珠三角地区大气中HCFC-22的浓度观测和变化趋势初步研究

通过罐采样和预浓缩-色谱/质谱方法,对珠三角地区广州城区和鼎湖山大气中HCFC-22进行了初步的观测和分析.结果表明,2005年广州城区HCFC-22年平均体积分数达到(479.5±241.4)×10-12,鼎湖山仅为(244.4±51.3)×10-12.广州城区大气HCFC-22日变化幅度夏秋季节相对较大,而鼎湖山日变化不明显;广州城区大气HCFC-22的体积分数夏秋季节高于冬春季节,鼎湖山则相反.与城区HCFC-22排放的季节性有关,夏秋季节广州城区与鼎湖山HCFC-22体积分数差别很大,冬春季节则比较接近.初步研究结果表明,广州城区和鼎湖山大气HCFC-22的体积分数呈现快速增长趋势,年增长率分别达到6.57%和7.28%,约为一些全球基准观测站(NOAA/CMDL)的1.9～2.8倍.     

泰山春季臭氧污染特征

采用紫外光度法,使用美国热电子公司的TECO model49c型紫外吸收式臭氧分析仪,对2004年5月泰山站的地面臭氧进行监测,以获得更具华北区域代表性的臭氧春季污染特征.结果表明:2004年5月泰山站ψ(O₃)的月均值为64μL/m3,变化幅度达到53 μL/m3;其频率分布呈单峰性,主要集中于55～75μL/m3,与济南站的分散型和区域背景站Cape D'Aguilar的双峰型分布有明显的不同;泰山ψ(O₃)有明显的日变化特征,变化幅度(19 μL/m3)远大于中国西部的瓦里关站,这可能与泰山处于中国东部,尽管距地面较高,但不可避免地受到区域性的污染有关.      

济南大气臭氧浓度变化规律

利用近2a济南市区近地面大气O₃浓度的观测数据,分析了O₃浓度的分布特征及时间变化规律.结果表明,济南市区O₃浓度以1a为周期呈明显的波动变化特征,城市光化学污染较重;1d当中O₃浓度呈明显的单峰型变化,一般在午后达到最高值,而日出时分出现最低值;春季和夏季O₃浓度高于秋季和冬季,而夏季和秋季O₃浓度的日内变化幅度明显高于春季和冬季;受人们活动规律的影响,周末O₃浓度的日内变化规律与平日有所不同.     

活性污泥硝化过程的动态响应信号

把pH值在线监测与药品自动投加系统与已开发的混合呼吸测量仪集成,组成自动呼吸-滴定测量仪,同时测得废水生物处理过程溶解氧（DO）、pH、氧气利用速率（OUR）和质子变化速率（HVR）。分别监测了只投加NH4＋-N底物的活性污泥硝化过程和实验室脱氮除碳SBR曝气阶段的DO/pH响应,结果显示,两信号呈一定规律变化,在反应...     

区域经济空间分异及其演变分析研究——以浙江省为例

区域经济空间分异是伴随区域经济增长而产生的,是区域经济空间结构研究中的重要内容之一。在理论研究的基础上分析了区域经济空间分异产生的原因是受到区域空间结构的影响,总结了区域经济空间分异的现象表征主要体现在绝对差异、相对差异和经济重心3个方面,并对这3个方面的测度方法进行了研究总结,构建了区域经济空间分异的测度体系。在此基础上,以浙江省作为实证研究对象,以各县域GDP为经济发展水平的衡量指标,综合运用数理统计方法和GIS方法,对1988~2008年浙江省区域经济空间分异的情况做了定量分析。实证研究结果表明浙江省区域经济差距呈现台阶式扩大,主要由富裕地区引起,并且经济重心在不断转移。结果与1988~2008年浙江省的实际发展情况较为吻合,表明该测度分析体系具有一定的科学合理,在未来类似研究中值得继续推广。     

Spatial and seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Haihe Plain, China

A dynamic fugacity model was developed to simulate the spatial and seasonal variations of PAHs in Haihe Plain, China. The calculated and measured concentrations exhibited good consistency in magnitude with deviations within a factor of 4 in air and 2 in soil. The spatial distributions of PAHs in air were mainly controlled by emission while the seasonal variations were dominated by emission and gas-particle partition. In soil, the spatial distributions of PAHs were controlled by the soil organic carbon content while the seasonal variations were insignificant. The severest soil contamination was observed in Shanxi and followed by the southwest of Hebei province. Transfer fluxes of total PAHs between air and soil were calculated. The spatial distribution of air-to-soil flux was closely related to the landcover while the soil-to-air flux changed with soil organic matter content. Monte Carlo simulation was done to evaluate the uncertainty of the estimated results in air.