Issues concerning the technology transfer of geographic information systems

Many state and local agencies have begun to adopt computer technology as a means of upgrading existing mapping and related practices. These agencies are faced with the dualism of wanting modern technology within a traditional setting and demanding technological independence at the same time. This article is an account of the art of technology transfers, with discussions about the necessary ingredients and constraints in the identification, adaptation, absorption, implementation, diffusion, and evaluation of new technologies. In general, a systematic approach towards the strengthening of endogenous capabilities with sufficient provision for operational and policy changes may be preferable to the idea of comprehensive planning.     

A MIXING MODEL FOR A SEPARATED MECHANICAL AERATION SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: An input-output method, using a network of ideal continuous stirred-tank and plug-flow tublar reactors, is adopted to analyze residence time distribution data for a separated mechanical aeration system. The usefulness of this modeling concept is enhanced by its simplicity, especially in the presence of a first-order reaction. This facilitates use of the model format for wastewater quality prediction. Moreover, first-order rate constants can also be estimated from the model, if conversions due to the reaction rate are available.     

MODELING HYDROLOGIC TIME SERIES FROM THE ARCTIC1

The general intervention model is applied to hydrologic and meteorologjc time series from the Canadian Arctic. The authors show how the model is able to account for environmental interventions, missing observations in the data, changes in data collection procedures, the effects of external inputs, as well as seasonality and autocorrelation. Methods for identifying transfer functions by making use of a physical understanding of the processes involved are demonstrated and sample applications of the general intervention model to Arctic data are shown.     

Air quality assessment for land disposal of industrial wastes

Air pollution from hazardous waste landfills and lagoons is largely unknown. Routine monitoring of toxic air contaminants associated with hazardous waste facilities is difficult and very costly. The method presented in this paper would be useful for air quality assessment in the absence of monitoring data. It may be used as a screening process to examine the question of whether or not volatilization is considered to be significant for a given contaminant and also to evaluate permit applications for new hazardous waste facilities concerning waste volatilization problems.     

贫困地区生态综合补偿转移支付法制研究

生态综合补偿的提出表明国家对生态补偿关注的重点从资金的来源转向资金使用的效果，其中转移支付法制是影响生态综合补偿效果的主要变量。从中央和地方两个层面的立法来看，贫困地区生态补偿转移支付立法从维护公平正义提供倾斜性补偿资金，转向促进“绿色发展”“绿色减贫”的生态补偿整体性效益建设。然而，整体上，相关法制建设尚显不足，如贫困地区利益未充分表达、补偿资金使用自主权未能充分发挥、整体性监督考核机制不健全等。原因在于，扶贫政治思维淡化了贫困地区生态综合补偿法律制度的属性，覆盖面难以普及；不同利益诉求造就了贫困地区生态综合补偿转移支付制度约束；行政放权的非制度化影响贫困地区生态补偿转移支付整体性效益。应以实现可持续的自我发展权新理念加强贫困地区生态综合补偿转移支付的法律制度化建设，明晰贫困地区生态综合补偿中转移支付的重要地位，夯实基础性财权，同时构建适应生态综合补偿的整体性考核机制。     

STATUS REPORT ON HEAT STORAGE WELLS1

ABSTRACT. The Heat Storage Well concept evolved at TEMPO in 1972. Technical, economic, institutional, and legal aspects of implementing the concept are being studied. Heat Storage Wells offer the possibility of conserving a substantial part of the heat energy now wasted in generating electricity and of reducing thermal pollution caused by the waste heat. Large thermal electric power plants would produce heat at useful temperatures such as 300–400°F. Combined electric- and heat-generating systems will require low-cost, low-loss storage of large amounts of hot water for periods of 90 to 180 days to serve both electric loads and seasonally-varying heat loads. Compared to conventional electricity-only systems, combined electricity-heat systems can save more than 20 percent in energy, reduce the cost of both electricity and heat, and eliminate the need for cooling water or towers. Possibilities for changes in legal and institutional practices are suggested, such as making resource-allocation decisions on the basis of energy units rather than dollars.     

USER-ORIENTED RESEARCH DESIGNS1

ABSTRACT: A user-oriented research plan is presented herein. Its principal components are: (1) a mechanism for identifying social goals and translating them into research objectives; (2) procedures for setting priorities; (3) a program planning technique for designing projects to impact on important research objectives; (4) a mechanism for coordinating research activities of important research producers; (5) a structure for encouraging and establishing interdisciplinary team efforts when they are required; (6) a well-coordinated technology transfer plan; and (7) an effective method for promoting and sustaining user-researcher cooperation. Both basic and applied research designs are examined and criteria presented. The implementation of research plans is also discussed and various factors which play a role in implementation are outlined including: coordination, goal interpretation and priority setting, project Planning, Project review, interdisciplinary considerations and the user-researcher interface.     

16S rRNA基因技术在环境科学领域中的应用

随着分子生物学的发展，16S rRNA基因技术被逐渐应用到环境科学领域中。目前在环境保护和治理中，该技术主要被用于鉴定污染物的生物降解菌和分析环境样品中的微生物群落多样性，由于它不必将微生物培养分离出来，也就避免了在培养过程中可能出现的微生物去失的情况。本文对16S rRNA基因技术及其在环境科学领域中的应用现状和发展作了一简要介绍，并对16S rRNA基因技术存在的不足进行了讨论。     

A/O法处理城市污水中有机物迁移转化的研究(Ⅱ)

本文通过实验方法对采用A／O工艺处理城市污水过程中有机物的迁移和转化进行了研究。所采用的方法是将原水、处理后的出水及污泥用甲苯萃取，萃取相经过真空浓缩后，采用色谱-质谱法(GC／MS)对样品中的有机化合物进行了测定。结果表明，在A／O工艺处理城市污水过程中，活性污泥对有机物的吸附作用是主要的，降解作用是次要的。     

污水处理中影响微孔曝气充氧性能因素的研究

对污水处理中微孔曝气充氧性能影响因素的研究是一个复杂而又重要的问题。本文对污水水质、曝气器通气量、曝气池运行负荷和方式等几个主要因素对微孔曝气充氧性能的影响进行了研究探讨。鉴于曝气系统能耗在污水处理厂中所占比重较大，加强对该问题的研究，以降低处理厂能耗，有较好的经济意义。