俄罗斯图书馆虚拟咨询服务研究

"公共图书馆虚拟信息咨询服务"是俄罗斯专门信息咨询性网站提供的项目,它具有全国图书馆的合作性,咨询服务对象和咨询内容具有公众性。揭示和探讨虚拟咨询服务模式的形成、服务内容、服务特色与服务方式,以全面展现俄罗斯虚拟咨询服务的整体发展状况和水平,在此基础上,分析和总结俄罗斯虚拟咨询服务的6个特点。     

秦皇岛近海养殖对潮间带微生物群落多样性的影响

潮间带微生物群落在驱动海岸带生态系统物质循环和能量流动中具有重要作用,近海养殖造成的环境问题日益凸显,但其对潮间带微生物群落结构的影响还缺乏研究。采用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）和限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）的分子生物学技术,研究秦皇岛养殖区与旅游区潮间带沉积物中微生物多样性的差异,分析养殖区微生物的16S rRNA基因文库的组成特征。结果表明：养殖区的微生物群落结构与旅游区形成较大的差异,DGGE图谱中养殖区的特有条带主要集中于γ-变形菌纲（γ-proteobacteria）,还分布于α-变形菌纲（α-proteobacteria）,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）,放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）。影响潮间带微生物的群落结构的主要环境因子包括温度、盐度、pH和NO3-浓度,影响率达55.2%。对差异最大的洋河大桥南养殖区（Q1站）的微生物样品建立克隆文库分析群落结构,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为优势菌群,占总群落的60%,其中γ-变形菌纲是主要存在的微生物纲,其余菌群包括放线菌门、拟杆菌门、蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）的微生物。养殖区海岸带微生物群落中出现了与环境污染和赤潮密切相关的菌群,如拟杆菌门、肠杆菌属（Enterobacteriaceae）和α-变形细菌红细菌目（Roseovarius）的微生物。     

Risk estimates for uniparental disomy following prenatal detection of a nonhomologous Robertsonian translocation

Carriers of nonhomologous Robertsonian translocations (ROB) are at risk for having offspring with uniparental disomy (UPD). Although risk estimates have been calculated in several independent studies, the estimates have not been optimal because most studies are not of sufficient size and UPD events are rare. However, these collective data have provided the opportunity to derive an overall risk estimate for UPD in the fetus after the prenatal identification of a ROB. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

图书馆生物污染现状研究

在分析了图书馆生物污染原因的基础上,对部分馆舍的空气和纸质文献受生物污染状况进行了研究,结果表明:图书流通阅览室、期刊阅览室以及学生自习室的空气冬天比夏天细菌数量高,冬天全天平均细菌数量为8.9×104个/m3以上,而夏天则为6.0×104个/m3;典藏书库冬天全天平均细菌数量为5.2×104个/m3,夏天为6.3×104个/m3左右;纸质文献受微生物污染程度与借阅率基本上呈正比关系。     

Assessing the impact of fungicide enostroburin application on bacterial community in wheat phyllosphere

Fungicides have been used extensively for controlling fungal pathogens of plants. However, little is known regarding the effects that fungicides upon the indigenous bacterial communities within the plant phyllosphere. The aims of this study were to assess the impact of fungicide enostroburin upon bacterial communities in wheat phyllosphere. Culture-independent methodologies of 16S rDNA clone library and 16S rDNA directed polymerase chain reaction with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) were used for monitoring the change of bacterial community. The 16S rDNA clone library and PCR-DGGE analysis both confirmed the microbial community of wheat plant phyllosphere were predominantly of the γ-Proteobacteria phyla. Results from PCR-DGGE analysis indicated a significant change in bacterial community structure within the phyllosphere following fungicide enostroburin application. Bands sequenced within control cultures were predominantly of Pseudomonas genus, but those bands sequenced in the treated samples were predominantly strains of Pantoea genus and Pseudomonas genus. Of interest was the appearance of two DGGE bands following fungicide treatment, one of which had sequence similarities (98%) to Pantoea sp. which might be a competitor of plant pathogens. This study revealed the wheat phyllosphere bacterial community composition and a shift in the bacterial community following fungicide enostroburin application.     

宏基因组学(Metagenomics)的研究现状和发展趋势

随着分子生物学技术的快速发展及其在微生物生态学和环境微生物学研究中的广泛应用,促进了以环境中未培养微生物为研究对象的新兴学科--微生物环境基因组学(又叫宏基因组学、元基因组学,Metagenomics)的产生和快速发展.宏基因组学通过直接从环境样品中提取全部微生物的DNA,构建宏基因组文库,利用基因组学的研究策略研究环境样品所包含的全部微生物的遗传组成及其群落功能.在短短几年内,宏基因组学研究已渗透到各个领域,包括海洋、土壤、热液口、热泉、人体口腔及胃肠道等,并在医药、替代能源、环境修复、生物技术,农业、生物防御及伦理学等各方面显示了重要的价值.对宏基因组学的主要研究方法、热点内容及发展趋势进行了综述,建议在我国尽快启动有关宏基因组学的研究,从国家层面上开展联合攻关,拓展当前的研究领域,发展相关研究策略和技术,开展广泛的国际合作,使我国在宏基因组学研究领域占据有利地位.     

Analytical solutions of three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media: A library

The purpose of this study is to present a library of analytical solutions for the three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media with the first-order decay, linear sorption, and zero-order production. The library is constructed using Green’s function method (GFM) in combination with available solutions. The library covers a wide range of solutions for various conditions. The aquifer can be vertically finite, semi-infinitive or infinitive, and laterally semi-infinitive or infinitive. The geometry of the sources can be of point, line, plane or volumetric body; and the source release can be continuous, instantaneous, or by following a given function over time. Dimensionless forms of the solutions are also proposed. A computer code FlowCAS is developed to calculate the solutions. Calculated results demonstrate the correctness of the presented solutions. The library is widely applicable to solve contaminant transport problems of one- or multiple- dimensions in uniform flow fields.     

图书馆防灾减灾管理制度初探

图书馆是人们获取知识信息的公共场所,它的安全也应该引起我们的重视.本文从编制图书馆灾害应急预案、建立健全各种规章制度、加强对图书馆工作人员应对灾害能力的培训、健全各种应急设备、数字馆藏容灾制度等几个方面论述了图书馆防灾减灾的方法与手段.     

Diversity of methanotrophs in Zoige wetland soils under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions

Zoige wetland is one of the most important methane emission centers in China. The oxidation of methane in the wetland a ects global warming, soil ecology and atmospheric chemistry. Despite their global significance, microorganisms that consume methane in Zoige wetland remain poorly characterized. In this study, we investigated methanotrophs diversity in soil samples from both anaerobic site and aerobic site in Zoige wetland using pmoA gene as a molecular marker. The cloning library was constructed according to the pmoA sequences detected. Four clusters of methanotrophs were detected. The phylogenetic tree showed that all four clusters detected were a liated to type I methanotrophs. Two novel clusters (cluster 1, cluster 2) were found to relate to none of the recognized genera of methanotrophs. These clusters have no cultured representatives and reveal an ecological adaptation of particular uncultured methanotrophs in Zoige wetland. Two clusters were belonging to Methylobacter and Methylococcus separately. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis gel bands pattern retrieved from these two samples revealed that the community compositions of anaerobic soil and aerobic soil were di erent from each other while anaerobic soil showed a higher metanotrophs diversity. Real-time PCR assays of the two samples demonstrated that aerobic soil sample in Zoige wetland was 1.5 times as much copy numbers as anaerobic soil. These data illustrated that methanotrophs are a group of microorganisms influence the methane consumption in Zoige wetland.     

天然红树林土壤微生物大片段宏基因组文库的构建

采用改良及优化后的原位裂解法提取红树林土壤环境DNA,通过脉冲场电泳图谱显示所得DNA片段主要集中于23～50 kbp范围, 表明大片段DNA在总DNA中的比率明显提高; 对改良后的原位裂解提取法与不同DNA纯化方法的组合进行比较分析, 确定电洗脱为最佳纯化方法; 运用改良后的原位裂解提取法与电洗脱纯化法联用实验方案,构建了4个季节天然红树林土壤Cosmid宏基因组文库. 随机挑取克隆子,提取质粒后经BamHI酶切验证, 平均插入片段均大于35 kbp,且片段类型各不相同, 推测该文库至少包含了335 Mbp潮间带微生物基因组信息. 该方法的建立使得开发红树林湿地生态系统的特色微生物资源成为可能, 并为探索其它生境的未培养微生物资源提供借鉴.