异养-自养耦合深度脱氮系统的生物脱氮性能研究

为探究低C/N[ρ（COD_Cr）/ρ（NO₃--N）,下同]水体的脱氮技术,分别以火山岩、火山岩/铁碳颗粒、火山岩/硫磺颗粒、火山岩/铁碳颗粒/硫磺颗粒作为填料构建R1、R2、R3和R4反应器,考察反硝化系统在不同C/N下的脱氮效果.结果表明:①随着进水C/N的降低,R1、R2和R3反应器的NO₃--N去除率逐渐降低,R4反应器则是先升后降;在C/N为1.5~2.0、系统温度为30℃、进水pH为7.0±0.2、HRT（水力停留时间）为4.0 h、进水ρ（NO₃--N）为30 mg/L时,R4反应器中NO₃--N去除率最高,平均值为90.1%.②在R2反应器中,随着反应器的运行,铁碳颗粒自身氧化表面形成氧化膜,使得铁自养反硝化作用不断减弱,脱氮效率与R1反应器相近.③运行前期,R2和R4反应器保持着较高的ρ（NH₄+-N）,随着反应器的运行,4个反应器的ρ（NH₄+-N）相当.④与R3反应器相比,R4反应器中不存在NO₂--N的累积情况,同时铁自养过程产生的碱能被硫自养过程所消耗,系统pH更适合反硝化菌生存.研究显示,C/N为1.5~2.0时,异养-铁-硫自养反硝化系统可提供充足的电子供体,减少对有机碳源的依赖,保证了稳定高效的脱氮效果.      

川南自贡市大气颗粒物污染特征及传输路径与潜在源分析

川南自贡市大气颗粒物污染比较严重, 2015～2018年PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)平均浓度分别为(95.42±9.53)μg·m~(-3)和(65.95±6.98)μg·m~(-3),并有明显的下降趋势,冬季PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度远高于其它季节, 1月平均浓度最高,分别为(138.08±52.29)μg·m~(-3)和(108.50±18.05)μg·m~(-3),夏季平均浓度最低.PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的平均比值为69.12%,冬季比值约为夏季的1.17倍,空气污染以PM_(2.5)为主.采用拉格朗日混合单粒子轨迹模型(HYSPLIT)和全球资料同化系统的GDAS气象数据,对自贡市细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))浓度和逐日72 h后向轨迹进行计算和聚类研究,利用潜在源贡献分析法(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹分析法(CWT),探讨不同季节影响自贡市PM_(2.5)浓度的潜在源区以及不同源区的污染贡献.结果表明,自贡市近地面四季多受东南风、偏西风和西北风控制,高浓度PM_(2.5)多出现在0～2 m·s~(-1)的低风速区;不同季节、不同输送路径对自贡PM_(2.5)污染影响的差异显著,春季主要受到来自偏西和偏北方向短距离输送气流的影响,夏季污染轨迹主要来自短距离输送的东南气流,秋季主要受来自资阳,经遂宁、重庆和内江的短距离输送气流的影响,冬季除受到资阳、遂宁和内江等周边城市的影响外,还受到来自西藏中部的远距离输送气流影响;除夏季外,自贡市潜在源区主要位于重庆西部与川南交界区域,冬季的主要贡献区范围最广、贡献程度最大,夏季潜在源区范围最小且贡献程度最弱.     

间苯二胺改性磁性壳聚糖对六价铬的还原-吸附协同作用机制研究

通过改进后的方法制备出具有良好颗粒形态的磁性壳聚糖颗粒,并使用间苯二胺(mPD)对其进行改性,在颗粒表面形成了一层含有大量含氮官能团的有机壳层,有效改善了颗粒的比表面积和活性官能团数量.通过序批实验法探究mPD改性磁性壳聚糖颗粒对六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为,实验结果显示初始pH为酸性有利于其对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除;吸附行为复合拟二级动力学模型,以化学吸附为主;在25℃、pH3条件下,由Langmuir等温线计算得吸附量可以达到212.21 mg·g~(-1),优于此前报道过的很多非纳米级新型磁性吸附剂;通过Redlich-Peterson模型的拟合和吸附反应前后的X射线光电子能谱分析,可知mPD改性磁性壳聚糖颗粒对六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)的去除是通过氧化还原反应和吸附作用协同进行的;经过6次吸附-解吸再生过程,mPD改性磁性壳聚糖颗粒仍具有100 mg·g~(-1)以上的吸附能力.综上,mPD改性磁性壳聚糖颗粒体现出其对Cr(Ⅵ)突出的去除性能,同时具有便于分离和再生能力强等特点,对于应用于含铬废水的处理具有良好的前景.     

民用燃煤排放细颗粒中金属元素排放特征及单颗粒分析

通过模拟民用煤炭燃烧,采集了5种不同成熟度的典型块煤燃烧排放的单颗粒和PM_2.5样品.利用带能谱仪的透射电镜研究了金属颗粒的单颗粒特征,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪和发射光谱仪获得了PM_2.5样品中14种金属元素（包括8种重金属）的浓度特征.结果显示,民用燃煤排放的含金属元素的颗粒物主要有矿物颗粒、部分碳质颗粒、富K颗粒、富S[K]颗粒、富Fe颗粒、富Zn颗粒和富Pb颗粒共7种.5种民用燃煤排放的14种金属元素占PM_2.5的1.29%~15.54%,其中Al、Ca和Na占金属元素总量的57%~80%,是民用燃煤排放的主要的金属元素;V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb这8种重金属元素占PM_2.5的0.09%~2.53%,其中Zn和Pb占重金属总量的54%~91%,在民用燃煤排放的重金属中占主导.单颗粒分析结果显示Zn和Pb元素主要富集在粒径小于1μm的富Zn和富Pb颗粒中,这些细颗粒能够直接进入人体,对人体健康造成威胁.因此,建议居民应通过使用精煤或天然气等清洁能源来减少重金属的排放.     

典型农药废盐热处理过程动力学特征

为了探究农药废盐热处理适宜性,采用热重分析法结合动力学模型分别对3种典型农药废盐--咪鲜胺、烟嘧磺隆和草甘膦废盐进行研究.试验结果表明咪鲜胺废盐仅有一个明显失重阶段,温度高于600℃后质量基本不发生变化,烟嘧磺隆和草甘膦废盐有两个明显失重阶段,温度分别高于300℃和450℃后失重速率明显变缓,三种废盐的明显失重温度和减重率均不相同,说明不同类型废盐的热解/燃烧特性存在明显差异;3种废盐各自的燃烧和热解的失重过程均较为相似,说明氧气的存在不会对热处理过程产生影响.并结合热处理动力学参数可知,废盐的热处理是复杂的反应过程,烟嘧磺隆废盐燃烧和热解所需活化能相近为0.297~5.894kJ/mol,热处理过程最容易发生,咪鲜胺和草甘膦废盐燃烧的活化能低于热解活化能,说明氧气会促进咪鲜胺和草甘膦废盐的热处理过程,废盐的热处理在空气气氛下即可.     

海底重燃油对海胆繁殖及其子代发育的影响

利用室内流水式粘油砾石柱模拟实际环境中的海底重燃油,研究了重燃油污染的孔隙水对成年海胆繁殖力、配子质量及子代胚胎发育的影响.结果表明,暴露结束后（7d）,暴露组海胆的排配子率显著降低（P=0.033）,同时雌海胆繁殖力也显著降低（P=0.036,（1957917±811471）个卵细胞）;卵细胞的直径和精子的受精能力并未受到海底重燃油的影响.子代继续暴露48h,发现亲代暴露加剧了子代胚胎畸形程度,表明亲代暴露的毒性可传递给子代.进一步利用整合毒性指数（ITI）检测毒性传递的性别差异发现,与母本效应相比（24和48h子代的ITI分别为0.54~1.45和1.1~2.57）,父本效应（24和48h子代的ITI分别为0.82~1.95和1.89~4.04）在毒性传递过程中起着关键作用.     

Source apportionment of PM2.5 light extinction in an urban atmosphere in China

Haze in China is primarily caused by high pollution of atmospheric fine particulates (PM_2.5). However, the detailed source structures of PM_2.5 light extinction have not been well established, especially for the roles of various organic aerosols, which makes haze management lack specified targets. This study obtained the mass concentrations of the chemical compositions and the light extinction coefficients of fine particles in the winter in Dongguan, Guangdong Province, using high time resolution aerosol observation instruments. We combined the positive matrix factor (PMF) analysis model of organic aerosols and the multiple linear regression method to establish a quantitative relationship model between the main chemical components, in particular the different sources of organic aerosols and the extinction coefficients of fine particles with a high goodness of fit (R² = 0.953). The results show that the contribution rates of ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA), secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and black carbon (BC) were 48.1%, 20.7%, 15.0%, 10.6%, and 5.6%, respectively. It can be seen that the contribution of the secondary aerosols is much higher than that of the primary aerosols (79.4% versus 20.6%) and are a major factor in the visibility decline. BBOA is found to have a high visibility destroying potential, with a high mass extinction coefficient, and was the largest contributor during some high pollution periods. A more detailed analysis indicates that the contribution of the enhanced absorption caused by BC mixing state was approximately 37.7% of the total particle absorption and should not be neglected.     

Buses retrofitting with diesel particle filters: Real-world fuel economy and roadworthiness test considerations

Retrofitting older vehicles with diesel particulate filter(DPF) is a cost-effective measure to quickly and efficiently reduce particulate matter emissions. This study experimentally analyzes real-world performance of buses retrofitted with CRT DPFs. 18 in-use Euro III technology urban and intercity buses were investigated for a period of 12 months. The influence of the DPF and of the vehicle natural aging on buses fuel economy are analyzed and discussed. While the effect of natural deterioration is about 1.2%–1.3%, DPF contribution to fuel economy penalty is found to be 0.6% to 1.8%, depending on the bus type. DPF filtration efficiency is analyzed throughout the study and found to be in average 96% in the size range of 23–560 nm. Four different load and non-load engine operating modes are investigated on their appropriateness for roadworthiness tests. High idle is found to be the most suitable regime for PN diagnostics considering particle number filtration efficiency.     

Characterization and acid-mobilization study for typical iron-bearing clay mineral

In this study, iron speciation in five standard clay samples was characterized. Iron mobilization from these clays was then measured in acidic media. For comparison, a commercially available Arizona test dust (ATD) was also observed. The results showed that the free-Fe contents of clays were commonly lower than that of dust aerosols. The components of clays were dominant by the structural Fe held in the aluminosilicate lattice. The iron solubility of the clays were in the order of KGa-2?>?SWy-2?>?CCa-2?>?IMt-2?>?NAu-2. Based upon the Mössbauer spectrum and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, the Fe(II) fraction and the Fe/Si ratio of clay particles changed after dissolution, suggesting the total Fe solubility depended on the Fe atom states existing within the aluminosilicate lattice. The Fe in KGa-2 and SWy-2 was most likely substituted for alkaline elements as the interlayer ions held by ionic bonds in the aluminosilicate, which are more liable to dissolution. However, the Fe in NAu-2 was more likely to be bound by strong covalent bonds in aluminosilicate mineral, which is less soluble. The much highly soluble Fe in ATD was not only linked to the dissolution of an appreciable fraction of Fe(II), but also could be attributed to the fact that the Fe bonds in the clay fraction of ATD were mainly present as ionic bonds. The TEM images showed that reacted clay particles displayed less aggregate particles, with nanoparticle aggregates and the Fe/S-rich tiny particles attached to the remains.     

Characterization of coal burning-derived individual particles emitted from an experimental domestic stove

Coal combustion in the domestic stoves, which is common in most parts of the Chinese countryside, can release harmful substances into the air and cause health issues. In this study, particles emitted from laboratory stove combustion of the raw powder coals were analyzed for morphologies and chemical compositions by using transmission electron microscopy(TEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDX). The coal burning-derived individual particles were classified into two groups: carbonaceous particles(including soot aggregates and organic particles) and non-carbonaceous particles(including sulfate, mineral and metal particles). The non-carbonaceous particles, which constituted a majority of the coal burning-derived emissions, were subdivided into Si-rich, S-rich, K-rich,Ca-rich, and Fe-rich particles according to the elemental compositions. The Si-rich, S-rich and K-rich particles are commonly observed in the coal burning emission. The proportions for particles of different types exhibit obvious coal-issue dependence. Burning of coal with high ash yield could emit more non-carbonaceous particles, and burning of coal with high sulfur content can emit more S-rich particles. By comparing the S-rich particles from this coal burning experiment with those in the atmosphere, we draw a conclusion that some S-rich particles in the atmosphere in China could be mainly sourced from coal combustion.