典型农药污染场地地下水中苯系物监控自然衰减研究

通过对某农药污染场地地下水中苯系物（BTEX）4年的长期监测数据进行分析,识别了该场地地下水中BTEX浓度的空间分布规律,并研究了场地地下水中BTEX的自然衰减规律.结果表明,地下水BTEX污染程度较重,浓度为0.001～180.52 mg·L-1,平均浓度为13.30 mg·L-1;BTEX浓度和污染羽面积随时间出现波动式变化,但整体仍呈逐渐减小的趋势,表明地下水中BTEX发生了自然衰减;地下水中氧化还原电位（ORP）与BTEX浓度呈显著负相关,说明研究区中BTEX高浓度区域在发生生物降解;研究区BTEX的衰减速率较小,半衰期较长,说明该场地单纯依靠监控自然衰减的修复时间将较长,需要与化学刺激等其他主动修复技术相结合以提高自然衰减效率.     

下辽河平原区域地下水典型污染物的筛选

结合潜在危害指数评价方法和加权评分方法,构建了新的地下水中典型污染物的筛选方法,并应用于下辽河平原区域地下水典型污染物的筛选。将急性基准浓度值(CMC)和慢性基准浓度值(CCC)引入潜在危害指数评价中;鉴于潜在危害指数法不考虑化合物的环境浓度,将潜在危害指数法与加权评分法相结合,引进平均浓度、检出频次等影响因素,计算不同污染物加权评分结果;通过聚类分析,筛选出典型污染物。研究表明,下辽河平原区域地下水中筛选出的典型污染物包括:As、NH+4、1,1,2-三氯乙烷、溴二氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、1,1-二氯乙烯、α-六六六、p,p'-滴滴滴、p,p'-滴滴伊、苯并(a)芘。     

浅议地下水污染治理技术方法及进展

简要介绍了地下水污染治理技术的沿革,包括物理法、水动力控制法、抽出—处理法和原位处理法,着重阐述了目前研究最多的原位处理法,即原位物化法、原位生物法和反应性渗透墙技术。并提出应该在学习国外先进技术的基础上,开发研究适合我国国情的地下水污染治理技术。     

中国地下水环境监测网的建设和管理

为实现《全国地下水污染防治规划(2011—2020年)》关于"2015年全面建立地下水环境监管体系"的目标,首先要建立地下水环境监测网络。在充分分析中国地下水环境监测现状的基础上,总结中国地下水环境监测的不足,并从法律法规的完善、监测网的建设和运行、先进技术的引进和人才培养以及信息共享系统的构建等4个方面,提出中国地下水环境监测网建设及管理的建议。     

Is Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) a Useful Indicator to Forecast Groundwater Droughts? — Insights from a Karst Aquifer

The study sought to understand the relationships between meteorological and groundwater droughts on water levels and spring discharges in Edwards Aquifer, Texas. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)‐styled Standardized Groundwater Index (SGI) was used to quantify groundwater droughts. SGI time series signal was delayed and damped, while SPI was volatile. SGI values correlated well with SPI values that were observed five to eight months ago. Dynamic regression models with lagged SPI terms and autoregressive integrated moving average errors indicated a statistically significant yet weak relationship between Lag‐1 SPI and SGI. The utility of SPI for groundwater drought forecasting was minimal in this aquifer. Nonseasonal and seasonal autoregressive terms played an important role in forecasting SGI and highlighted the need for long‐term, high‐resolution monitoring to properly characterize groundwater droughts. Spring flows exhibited stronger and quicker responses to meteorological droughts than changes in storage. In aquifers with spring discharges, groundwater monitoring programs must make efforts to inventory and monitor them. Groundwater drought contingency measures can be initiated using SPI but this indicator is perhaps inappropriate to remove groundwater drought restrictions.     

What is a static head measurement? Evaluating structural error and implications for regional groundwater modeling

Most groundwater modelers avoid using static heads measured from active production wells because they can introduce a bias into model calibration. However, in the deep confined Cambrian-Ordovician Sandstone Aquifer System in the Central Midcontinent of North America, dedicated observation wells are sparse and remote from areas of most concentrated pumping. As a result, in areas where drawdown is the greatest and modeling is most needed, only static heads from production wells are available for calibration. This paper evaluates two leading sources of discrepancies in using production well data, spatial and temporal structural error (S.E.). A simple Theis solution is used to evaluate the potential magnitude of spatial S.E. when calibrating a regional MODFLOW model with coarse cell resolution. Despite theoretical analyses indicating that spatial S.E. could be significant, statistical analysis of the model results suggests that temporal S.E. is dominant. Long (ranging over decades) or frequent (monthly) head datasets are key in understanding temporal S.E., to better capture water-level variability. In this study, the range in static head observations impacted estimates of the remaining time a well could extract water from the aquifer by 0.1 to 16.0 years. This uncertainty in future water supply is highly relevant to stakeholders and must be assessed in hydrographs depicting risk.     

银川地区地下水矿物的水文地球化学模拟

以银川地区为例,用水文地球化学模拟研究了地下水化学组分的存在形式和矿物的存在形态.通过对银川地区144组水化学常量组分的计算分析和水文地球化学模拟计算,系统研究了地下水化学组分和矿物饱和指数的变化.研究表明,1)在银川地区,山前洪积扇→冲洪积平原→河湖积平原→河漫滩,矿化度从西向东不断增高,由淡水向盐化水转化,水化学类型由HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg向SO4·Cl～Na·Mg过渡;2)地下水从山前洪积扇到黄河漫滩,SO42-的存在对Ca2 和Mg2 的存在形式有很大影响,随着SO42-含量和矿化度的上升,络合组分CaSO40和MgSO40分别相对Ca2 和Mg2 呈逐渐升高的趋势,与之对应的是游离Ca2 和Mg2 的相对含量逐渐降低,CaSO40和MgSO40在黄河漫滩相对含量皆超过20%;3)方解石和白云石的饱和指数在整个地下水流动范围内均呈现过饱和状态,并从冲洪积平原和河湖积平原分别向山前洪积扇和河漫滩降低,石膏饱和指数小于0,从山前洪积扇向河漫滩逐渐升高,表明石膏处于不断溶解的状态.     

城市区域土体铁的化学行为与土体强度变异关系研究

统计了南宁市地下水中Fe的变化情况,实验研究了Fe的物理化学行为与土体强度之间的联系,并进一步研究了铁对土体强度影响的双向性.结果显示,城市区域将由于Fe的溶蚀、置换作用等使土体强度降低;城市区域CO2分压增高将促进土体中铁的溶蚀而使土体强度进一步恶化.在含水量相对较高时,铁质胶结物被溶解、迁移,土体强度降低;而在含水量相对较低时,铁质胶结物不易被溶解,而更趋向于发生沉淀反应,使土体对铁的吸附作用加强,从而使土体的强度增加.     

Bankfull Regional Curves for the Inner and Outer Bluegrass Regions of Kentucky1

Brockman, Ruth R., Carmen T. Agouridis, Stephen R. Workman, Lindell E. Ormsbee, and Alex W. Fogle, 2012. Bankfull Regional Curves for the Inner and Outer Bluegrass Regions of Kentucky. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 391‐406. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00621.x Abstract: Bankfull regional curves that relate channel dimensions and discharge to watershed drainage area are useful tools for assisting in the correct identification of bankfull elevation and in stream restoration and reconstruction. This study assessed 28 stable streams located in two physiographic regions of Kentucky: the Inner Bluegrass and the Outer Bluegrass. Bankfull channel dimensions, discharge, and return period as well as average channel slope, median bed material size, sinuosity, Rosgen stream classification, and percent impervious area were determined. Significant relationships were found between drainage area and the bankfull characteristics of cross‐sectional area, width, mean depth, and discharge for both the Inner Bluegrass and Outer Bluegrass regions (α = 0.05). It was also found that the percent impervious area in a watershed had minimal effect on bankfull dimensions, which is attributed to the well‐vegetated nature of the streambanks, cohesive streambank materials, and bedrock control. No significant differences between any of the Inner Bluegrass and Outer Bluegrass regional curves were found (α = 0.05). Comparisons were made between the Inner Bluegrass and Outer Bluegrass curves and others developed in karst‐influenced areas in the Eastern United States. Although few significant differences were found between the regional curves for bankfull discharge and width, a number of the curves differed with regards to bankfull cross‐sectional area and mean depth.     

Climate change and village adaptation impact on reliability of irrigation wells in China

This paper builds a water supply reliability econometric model to analyze climate changes and adaptation impact factors on water supply reliability of irrigation wells by using 100 villages’ three-year (2010–2012) field survey data of five middle and eastern provinces of China. The results show that long-run climate change factors, adaptation measures, village-level organizations of irrigation management, as well as extreme climate factors affect the water supply reliability of irrigation wells significantly. Meanwhile, there are significant differences impacting different crops and provinces. This paper suggests that agriculture meteorological disaster monitoring and warning systems should be strengthened by increasing irrigation facilities construction and maintenance, promoting reform of agricultural irrigation water management system, and developing various forms of peasant cooperation organization in order to improve agricultural production capacity to adapt to climate change.