高锰酸钾预氧化混凝去除水中颤藻的试验研究

采用KMnO4对颤藻氧化,再接种到培养液中进行培养,根据达到对数生长期的时间,考察KMnO4预氧化对颤藻生长活性的影响,并通过显微镜观察藻细胞的破裂情况,同时采用聚合氯化铝(PAC)对KMnO4预氧化水体进行混凝处理,结果表明:KMnO4对颤藻有很好的氧化效果,不同浓度KMnO4对颤藻生长活性的抑制时间不同;在投加量为2 mg/L以下时,预氧化没有破坏颤藻的细胞结构;模拟含藻水在KMnO4预氧化后采用PAC混凝优于单加PAC的除藻效果.     

珠江广州河段着生藻类的群落结构及其与水质的关系

于2007年6月、7月和9月,采用玻璃挂片法对珠江广州河段9个断面处着生藻类的分布状况进行了调查,同时测定了叶绿素a、总氮、总磷、溶解氧、pH等环境因子.本调查共观察到着生藻类35种,主要以丝状绿藻占据优势,其中毛枝藻是绝对优势种,其最高数量百分比达97.4%;而附着在绿藻藻体的一些硅藻,如异极藻、脆杆藻也是常见优势物种.着生藻类数量丰富,为3.16×104-3.06×106cells·cm-2;种类多样性较低,Shannon-Weaver种类多样性指数为0.15～2.68.从总氮和总磷含量来看,珠江广州河段水质为Ⅲ类至Ⅴ类之间.调查期间,2007年7月12日举行了"广州市万人游珠江活动",由于活动期间采取的一些截污治理措施,6月、7月水质特别是广州市区河段水质有所好转;但活动过后,营养盐特别是总磷浓度迅速上升,叶绿素a含量和着生藻类数量急剧增加.研究结果说明,珠江广州河段水质能够得以改善,但需要采取持续而有效的措施防止水质的进一步恶化,才能保证珠江水资源的可持续发展.     

Aquatic Plant and Dissolved Oxygen Changes in a Reference‐Condition Prairie Stream Subjected to Experimental Nutrient Enrichments

Effects of controlled nutrient additions on a prairie stream were studied using a before‐after‐control‐impact paired design. The site is in a reference condition with low soluble nitrate (NO₃) and phosphate (soluble reactive phosphorus [SRP]) in summer (3 μg NO₃‐N/L, 4 μg SRP/L). Nutrients were added to two reaches over the growing season at two levels (Low Dose — 39 μg NO₃‐N/L and 4.4 SRP/L; High Dose — 119 μg NO₃‐N/L and 15.6 μg SRP/L). Continuously measured dissolved oxygen (DO) and changes in aquatic flora were compared to an upstream Control. Enrichment led microalgae and filamentous algae to increase in density, areal coverage, and thickness, and the magnitude of the changes were largely concordant with dosing (more in the High Dose); algal growth also suppressed macrophytes in the High Dose. Enrichment caused significant increases in diel DO swings whose magnitudes were consistent with dosing level. In the High Dose, benthic algae flourished in the growing season and then senesced en masse in fall. The decomposing algae led DO to crash (ca. 0 mg/L on the bottom), but DO impacts were out‐of‐sync with peak algal growth and photosynthesis, which occurred weeks earlier. This finding provides a plausible explanation as to why high DO delta in streams impacts aquatic life even when concurrently measured DO is not low. When DO crashed, DO was longitudinally patchy, some areas having low DO near the bottom, others near saturation. Geomorphology and exposure to wind may have caused this pattern.     

改性黏土去除水华束丝藻的研究

以采集自云南滇池的水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flos-aquae)为研究对象,分别用壳聚糖和聚合氯化铝对云南省常见的硅藻土进行改性,在实验室条件下研究两种改性黏土对水华束丝藻的去除效果。通过去除率的比较,得出两种改性黏土去除水华束丝藻的线性拟合方程。每毫升藻液壳聚糖改性硅藻土投加量(m L)与藻细胞光密度OD_(680)、叶绿素a质量浓度(mg/L)的关系分别为y=0.0377x-0.0014和y=0.009x+0.0002;每毫升藻液聚合氯化铝改性硅藻土投加量(m L)与藻细胞光密度OD_(680)、叶绿素a质量浓度(mg/L)的关系分别为y=0.0135x+0.002和y=0.0039x+0.002。壳聚糖改性硅藻土和聚合氯化铝改性硅藻土去除水华束丝藻的最适pH值范围分别为5~8、5~9,总氮(TN)去除率分别为39.77%、45.44%,总磷(TP)去除率分别为64.92%、78.01%。聚合氯化铝改性硅藻土去除水华束丝藻的最适pH值范围较宽,且其除藻过程中对TN、TP的去除率均较高。用透明溞(Daphnia magna)对其进行生态安全性试验,得出壳聚糖改性硅藻土和聚合氯化铝改性硅藻土除藻至48 h死亡率分别为30.77%、0。     

The role of phosphorus in the metabolism of arsenate by a freshwater green alga, Chlorella vulgaris

A freshwater microalga, Chlorella vulgaris, was grown in the presence of varying phosphate concentrations( 10–500 μg/L P) and environmentally realistic concentrations of arsenate(As(Ⅴ))(5–50 μg/L As). Arsenic speciation in the culture medium and total cellular arsenic were measured using AEC-ICP-MS and ICP-DRC-MS, respectively, to determine arsenic biotransformation and uptake in the various phosphorus scenarios. At high phosphate concentration in the culture medium, 100 μg/L P, the uptake and biotransformation of As(Ⅴ) was minimal and dimethylarsonate(DMAs(Ⅴ)) was the dominant metabolite excreted by C. vulgaris, albeit at relatively low concentrations. At common environmental P concentrations, 0–50 μg/L P, the uptake and biotransformation of As(Ⅴ) increased. At these higher As-uptake levels, arsenite(As(Ⅲ)) was the predominant metabolite excreted from the cell. The concentrations of As(Ⅲ) in these low P conditions were much higher than the concentrations of methylated arsenicals observed at the various P concentrations studied. The switchover threshold between the(small) methylation and(large) reduction of As(Ⅴ) occurred around a cellular As concentration of 1 fg/cell. The observed nearly quantitative conversion of As(Ⅴ) to As(Ⅲ) under low phosphate conditions indicates the importance of As(Ⅴ) bio-reduction at common freshwater P concentrations. These findings on the influence of phosphorus on arsenic uptake, accumulation and excretion are discussed in relation to previously published research. The impact that the two scenarios of As(Ⅴ) metabolism, As(Ⅲ) excretion at high As(Ⅴ)-uptake and methylarsenical excretion at low As(Ⅴ)-uptake, have on freshwater arsenic speciation is discussed.     

农药对藻类的生态毒理学研究Ⅰ:毒性效应

随着现代农业的发展,世界范围内使用的农药品种越来越多,用量不断增加。农药对非靶生物的影响以及农药残留导致环境污染,造成生态系统结构和功能的破坏,早已受到了国内外的广泛关注。有关农药对生态系统中消费者类群毒性效应的研究较多。近年来,农药对于生态系统初级生产者－ 藻类的毒性及其生态毒理学的研究倍受重视。大力开展这方面的研究对于深入了解农药在生态系统中的迁移、转化及整体生态效应以及农药的生态风险评价无疑具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。本文综述了近年来国内外有关农药对单种藻类和藻类群落的毒性效应,影响毒性的环境因子。     

脉冲变频电磁场对水中藻类的抑制及去除效能

研究了脉冲变频电磁场对水华鱼腥藻的抑制及去除效果.结果显示,磁场对循环水样表现出很好的杀藻效果,水样在磁场中累积停留时间为6min时,杀藻率可以达到94%,累积停留时间为10min时,杀藻率可以达到96%.处理后的水样,藻细胞密度在120h内没有增加,生长受到抑制,经磁场处理的循环水样"磁记忆"时间可以达到120h.对于静置于磁场中的水样,处理1h后,藻的生长开始受到抑制.不同的处理方式会产生不同的效果,对于脉冲变频磁场,水以运动的形式通过磁场更有利于杀藻.     

长江输送颗粒态磷的生物可利用性及其环境地球化学意义

模拟不同采样时间长江输送悬浮态颗粒物实验,通过测定藻类增长潜力来讨论颗粒态磷的生物可利用性.结果表明,悬浮物中生物可利用磷(SSBAP)含量在不同采样时间(2001年2月、5月、12月和2002年8月)的平均值分别为(288 3±49 4),(228 2±38 2),(251 6±32 9)和(182 0±8 1)mg·kg-1.不同藻种的SSBAP BAP平均值为:铜绿微囊藻(Microcystisaerugilnosa)54 2%,斜生栅藻(Scendesmusobliquus)60 3%.在4次采样中,通过大通站的BAP浓度均大于水体富营养化的限制值(0 02mg·L-1),说明SSBAP对长江流域、河口及近海区营养盐的贡献是不容忽视的,颗粒态磷是长江河口及近海区富营养化的潜在污染源,它对河口及近海的生态环境造成很大影响.     

粘土矿复合聚合氯化铝凝聚给水中的藻类

采用粘土矿复合聚合氯化铝 (PAC)对凝聚给水中的藻类进行了研究 .结果表明 ,粘土矿的加入不仅可显著增加絮体的密实度 ,加快其沉降速度 ,使沉淀后的活藻絮体在微扰动下不再漂浮上升 ,从而可有效阻止堵塞滤池 ,而且使沉淀后的底泥体积减少了 31 % ,沉降后出水中叶绿素a的浓度降到 1 3μg·l- 1 ,铝的含量低于 0 2mg·l- 1 .     

洋河水库蓝藻水华爆发预测影响因子研究

为了预测洋河水库富营养化变化趋势和蓝藻水华爆发的风险,对洋河水库水体进行采样,分析其环境质量.研究结果表明,近年来洋河水库叶绿素a含量处于高位,氮、磷含量不断上升,特别是总氮质量浓度在5 mg/L左右,主要以硝态氮的形式存在,富营养化程度不断加剧,具有大规模爆发蓝藻水华的风险.对洋河水库藻华爆发的环境条件进行分析,提出...