上海城市地表热环境多时期遥感研究

利用4个时期的上海地区Landsat TM/ETM+影像反演了地表温度.从时间尺度和空间分布两个方面,分析了上海陆域及各区近10年间的热场分布,并采用热岛效应比率进行定量化描述.研究表明,上海的高温区面积在近10年来呈现出逐渐减少的趋势,但在空间分布上具有明显的多中心特征.其中,中心城区、浦东新区、闵行区和宝山区是上海城市热岛的4个主中心,近郊地区则逐渐成为新的城市热中心.随着近10年来上海建成区的迅速拓展,研究区域城市热岛已呈现出明显的多中心化趋势,即多个热中心共同决定了上海的热场分布.因此,为了减缓上海城市热岛的发展,应大力开展这些区域前瞻性的生态建设规划.     

Application and mechanism of polysaccharide extracted from Enteromorpha to remove nano-ZnO and humic acid in coagulation process

Green source Ep was extracted from marine alga waste. The molecule model structure of Ep was studied and constructed. PAC-Ep coagulation system improves the efficiency of removal efficiency. Synergistic effects between NPs and HA make a big difference to enhance efficiency. Mechanism is charge neutralization, hydrogen bonding and adsorbing-complexing Enteromorpha polysaccharide (Ep) extracted from alga a novel green coagulant aid for nanoparticles (NPs) and heavy metal ions removal and the structure of EP was intensively studied in this study. The integration of Ep with polyaluminum chloride (PAC-Ep) coagulants exhibited higher coagulation performance than that of the polyaluminum chloride (PAC) because of the negatively charged NPs suspension and humic aid (HA) solution. Significant high removal efficiencies of dissolved organic matter (94.1%), turbidity (99.3%) and Zn ions (69.3%) were achieved by the PAC-Ep coagulants. The dual-coagulation properties of PAC-Ep for different pollutants was based on multiple mechanisms, including (i) Al³⁺ charge neutralization; (ii) hydroxy aluminum hydroxyl bridging formed polynuclearhydroxy complexes bridge and sweep colloidal particles; (iii) adsorption and bridging of Ep chain for the NPs and heavy metal ions. Results indicated that the destabilization of colloid was induced by the coexisting HA and higher removal was achieved as ions adsorption was enhance in the presence of HA complexation. On the basis of that, the extraction of polysaccharide is a promising candidate for its high coagulation performance in water treatment.     

石化企业VOCs无组织排放源强的反演模拟

针对石化行业面源无组织排放VOCs难以准确定量的问题,建立了基于开路式傅里叶变换红外光谱技术(OP-FTIR)的面源污染源源强反演模型,并进行了现场模拟试验。试验结果表明,风向、风速、大气稳定度、监测距离、数据处理周期等都是影响反演模型准确性的重要灵敏度参数。以反演源强Q_P与实际排放量Q的比值(Q_P/Q)为量化指标,对各影响因素进行优化处理,确定了构建反演模型适用的边界条件。当各灵敏度参数稳定于适用边界条件之内时,Q_P/Q为0.85~0.90。     

Analytical Study of the Heat Loss Attenuation by Clothing on Thermal Manikins Under Radiative Heat Loads

For wearers of protective clothing in radiation environments there are no quantitative guidelines available for the effect of a radiative heat load on heat exchange. Under the European Union funded project ThermProtect an analytical effort was defined to address the issue of radiative heat load while wearing protective clothing. As within the ThermProtect project much information has become available from thermal manikin experiments in thermal radiation environments, these sets of experimental data are used to verify the analytical approach. The analytical approach provided a good prediction of the heat loss in the manikin experiments, 95% of the variance was explained by the model. The model has not yet been validated at high radiative heat loads and neglects some physical properties of the radiation emissivity. Still, the analytical approach provides a pragmatic approach and may be useful for practical implementation in protective clothing standards for moderate thermal radiation environments.     

高效絮凝剂制备的前期浸取研究

我国油田多采用絮凝剂处理含油污水。为得到高效、廉价的絮凝剂,使用赤泥最优化制备聚合氯化铝铁。通过化学分析法和X射线衍射分析,得出赤泥中铝﹑铁元素含量。正交实验结果表明:影响Fe溶出的因素由强到弱依次为盐酸用量系数﹑反应温度﹑目数和反应时间,最佳浸出条件为目数80～120、液固比5.5、反应温度95℃、反应时间3.5h。     

氯化对二级处理出水中溶解性有机物结构的影响

以哈尔滨市W污水处理厂污水为研究对象,利用XAD树脂对二级处理出水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)进行分级分离.按照DOM在不同树脂上的吸附特性将其分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).考察了二级处理出水中有机组分的组成分布、三卤甲烷生成势、紫外光谱和红外光谱.结果表明,二级处理出水中的主要成分是HPO-A和HPI,两者含量之和达70.8%.HPO-A是加氯消毒时产生三卤甲烷的主要有机组分,其三卤甲烷生成活性(STHMFP)为232.9μg/mg.而HPO-N、TPI-A、TPI-N和HPI的STHMFP介于100～125μg/mg之间.氯化反应后,HPO-A、HPO-N、TPI-A和HPI的紫外-可见吸光度均降低,而TPI-N则相反.并且HPO-A、HPO-N、TPI-A和TPI-N中的O-H、C=C和苯环的含量降低,而C-O的含量升高,还生成了C=O和C-Cl.     

Characterization of humic acids extracted from the sediments of the various rivers and lakes in China

The humic acids (HAs) isolated from the sediments of the various rivers,lakes,and reservoirs in China were studied using elemental analyzer,fourier transform infrared (FT-IR),and CP/MAS 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.The results showed that the HAs were characterized by some common chemical and physicochemical properties,but they also pose some differences in the C-containing functional groups.The C/N,C/H,O/C,and O/H ratios differ widely for the various HAs,showing that the elemental comp...     

土壤中矿物油含量测定方法研究

建立了土壤中矿物油含量的分析方法。采集的土壤鲜样,采用无水硫酸钠进行化学干燥。用四氯化碳提取土壤中的油类物质,采用硅酸镁去除提取液中的动植物油等极性化合物后,使用红外分光测油仪测定提取液中的矿物油含量。此方法具有良好的线性关系,相关系数在0.9999以上。测定下限为1.85 mg/l,测定上限为100 mg/l,测量范围为9 mg/kg～500 mg/kg,方法的灵敏度为1.05。试剂空白加标回收率56%～83%,实际样品加标回收率在69%～74%之间。该法简便快速,灵敏准确,具有广泛的应用前景。     

Optimization of the recovery of plastics for recycling by density media separation cyclones

Material recovery processes are presented as the optimum option for recycling plastic wastes as a means of recovering hydrocarbon resources. There exist a large variety of automated material recovery processes for recycling of such wastes but each with significant limitations. Of these, the separation based on differences in densities is advocated as the optimum process either for producing recycled products or preparing wastes for subsequent recovery processing.Density separation processes based on cyclone type density media separation (DMS) is presented as an important, potential method for increasing plastics recycling process capacities. It is demonstrated to have the capacity to separate a significantly larger range of particle sizes than those presently processed industrially. The mathematical relationship for the prediction of quality of typical LARCODEMS type density media separations by particle size and density as expressed by the Ecart Probable is presented.A proposed device configuration is presented for density media separation to optimize the recovery and purity of both density fractions produced. It is also suggested that to be economically viable, a large scale of operation is required for industrial plastics recycling operations recovering and producing a number of different plastics with a purity to be used as a substitute for virgin material.     

东北区域空气质量时空分布特征及重度污染成因分析

东北已成为我国又一个霾污染多发和重发区域.采用2013～2017年东北区域大气污染物地面监测数据、卫星数据和气象数据等信息,探讨了中国东北地区空气质量时空分布特征与重度污染成因.结果表明,"沈阳-长春-哈尔滨"带状城市群是全年污染最严重的区域,空气质量指数(AQI)的空间分布具有明显的季节性,冬季污染最严重,春季吉林省西部周围为椭圆形污染区,夏季和秋季大部分时间空气质量最佳.3个典型的霾污染时期是10月下旬和11月上旬(即秋末和初冬,时期一),12月下旬和1月(即冬季最冷的时候,时期二),及4月到5月中旬(即春季沙尘和农业耕作期).时期一,季节性作物残茬焚烧和冬季采暖用煤燃烧产生的PM_(2.5)强排放是极端霾事件发生的主要原因(AQI 300);时期二,在最严寒月份里,重度霾污染事件(200 AQI 300),主要由燃煤和汽车燃料消耗的PM_(2.5)排放量高,大气边界层较低,以及大气扩散性差等共同引起;时期三,春季PM_(10)浓度较高,主要是由内蒙古中部退化草原的风沙和吉林省西部裸地的区域性扬尘传输造成的.同时,当地农业耕作本身也释放PM_(10),并提升了裸土的人为源矿物尘的排放强度.