Inhibition of nitrification in soil by metal diethyldithiocarbamates

IntroductionNitrificationisaprocessinwhichammoniumformofnitrogenisconvertedintonitrateform .Nitrogenuseefficiencyintermsofplantuptakeisgenerallylowandvariesgreatlyunderdifferentsoilandcroppingconditions.MostfertilizerNappliedtosoilsisintheformofammonium orammoniumproducingcompoundssuchasurea,andisusuallyoxidizedrapidlytonitratebynitrifyingmicroorganismsinsoils.Applicationofnitrogenfertilizersmorethanoptimumlevelsleadstolownitrogenrecoveriesandgreaternitrogenaccumulationinthesoilprofile .Theac…     

中小型反渗透系统处理高硬度水操作参数的优化

中小规模反渗透(RO)系统处理高硬度水时往往采用投加阻垢剂、降低回收率来减少碳酸钙在膜上结垢的风险,该系统操作参数主要是阻垢剂投加量和系统回收率。目前许多反渗透系统是凭借经验或生产厂家的建议来确定这2个参数,缺少科学、快速的求解方法。就这2个参数的确定提出了便捷办法。     

Short communication kazal type trypsin inhibitor in amniotic fluid in fetal developmental disorders

The amniotic fluid concentrations of the Kazal type trypsin inhibitor were studied in pregnancies with fetal developmental disorders. The samples were obtained by amniocentesis between 14 and 19 weeks of gestation. In cases with fetal malformations, the level was below the normal 10th centile in 15 out of 28 cases (54 per cent, P<0.05) and above the normal 90th centile in 2 cases (7.1 per cent). Low values were common in cases with intrauterine fetal death or congenital nephrosis. The levels were normal in fetal chromosomal aberrations.     

Influences of nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethyl pyrazole phosphate on nitrogen and soil salt-ion leaching

An undisturbed heavy clay soil column experiment was conducted to examine the influence of the new nitrification inhibitor, 3,4- dimethylpyrazole phosphate （DMPP）, on nitrogen and soil salt-ion leaching. Regular urea was selected as the nitrogen source in the soil. The results showed that the cumulative leaching losses of soil nitrate-N under the treatment of urea with DMPP were from 57.5% to 63.3% lower than those of the treatment of urea without DMPP. The use of nitrification inhibitors as nitrate leaching retardants may be a proposal in regulations to prevent groundwater contaminant. However, there were no great difference between urea and urea with DMPP treatments on ammonium-N leaching. Moreover, the soil salt-ion leaching losses of Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, K^＋, and Na^＋ were reduced from 26.6% to 28.8%, 21.3% to 27.8%, 33.3% to 35.5%, and 21.7% to 32.1%, respectively. So, the leaching losses of soil salt-ion were declined for nitrification inhibitor DMPP addition, being beneficial to shallow groundwater protection and growth of crop. These results indicated the possibility of ammonium or ammonium producing compounds using nitrification inhibitor DMPP to control the nitrate and nutrient cation leaching losses, minimizing the risk of nitrate pollution in shallow groundwater.     

环保型阻垢剂的研究进展

介绍了近年来循环冷却水系统中环保型阻垢剂的研究进展。重点阐述了价廉无污染的淀粉、单宁、木质素、纤维素、壳聚糖和腐植酸钠等天然高分子环保型阻垢剂,以及目前广泛应用的共聚物类的环保型阻垢剂和聚环氧琥珀酸、聚天冬氨酸、S-羧乙基硫代琥珀酸等新型环保型阻垢剂的阻垢性能和环境降解性能,并对这些阻垢剂的应用现状进行了阐述。而改性和复配是环保型阻垢剂的发展趋势。     

聚天冬氨酸-丝氨酸接枝聚合物的合成及阻垢性能

目的研究聚天冬氨酸-丝氨酸接枝聚合物的阻垢性能。方法以聚琥珀酰亚胺为母体,以丝氨酸为接枝单体,合成出聚天冬氨酸-丝氨酸接枝聚合物(PASPSE),采用静态阻垢法分别考察了聚合时间、聚合温度、原料配比对产物阻垢性能的影响。结果聚天冬氨酸-丝氨酸接枝聚合物合成的最佳条件为聚合时间18 h、聚合温度55℃、聚琥珀酰亚胺与丝氨酸原料配比(摩尔比)为1:1。该接枝聚合物对Ca CO3垢具有良好的螯合分散作用,其Ca CO3阻垢率随温度的升高、工作时间的延长、HCO3-与Ca2+含量之比的增大而降低。在90℃高温环境下,10 mg/L PASPSE的阻垢率可达95.5%。结论在高温水系统中,PASPSE对Ca CO3垢具有较好的阻垢性能。     

气相组分对氨吸收同步脱除模拟烟气SO2 和NOx 的影响

在pH值5.9～6.1,吸收液浓度≥1 mol·L-1的条件下,分析了模拟烟气的NOx氧化度、O2和SO2浓度,以及添加液相S(Ⅳ)氧化抑制剂Na2S2O3对SO2、NOx吸收脱除效率的影响.结果表明,氨可高效吸收脱除SO2和NO2,但对NO的吸收脱除效率几乎为0,因此,NO氧化是其吸收脱除NOx的前提.吸收液S(Ⅳ)浓度是影响NO2脱除效率的关键因素,气相O2浓度越高或SO2浓度越低,吸收液S(Ⅳ)浓度降低越快,继而使NO2吸收脱除效率降低越快.通过添加S(Ⅳ)氧化抑制剂S2O23-到吸收液,可在一定程度上抑制其氧化,从而延缓NO2吸收脱除效率的降低.     

间种高粱及施用大颗粒尿素对茶园N2O排放的影响

茶园施肥量大、氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放系数高,且近年来我国茶园面积不断扩大,使茶园成为重要的农业N_2O排放源,亟需有效的茶园N_2O减排措施.本研究在我国中亚热带典型丘陵茶园,通过设置间种高粱、施用大颗粒尿素和常规施肥3种管理措施,观测不同管理措施下茶园土壤N_2O及相关环境因子动态,旨在解析茶园土壤N_2O排放的主控因子和明确提出的减排措施的有效性. 2 a的田间试验结果表明:①茶园土壤N_2O排放通量与土壤化学性质、温度及降雨有显著的相关性,土壤物理性质和土壤化学性质的交互作用对N_2O排放影响最大,土壤化学性质中的NO~-_3-N含量是决定N_2O排放量大小的最主要因素,茶园土壤N_2O减排研究的工作重点在于如何减小土壤中的NO~-_3-N含量;②间种高粱在未影响茶叶产量的前提下减少了51.2%的N_2O排放,从缓解全球气候变暖角度看,间种高粱是本研究中最佳的茶园管理措施;③施用大颗粒尿素在提高29.5%的茶叶产量同时减少了34.7%的N_2O排放,从兼顾经济效益及缓解全球气候变暖的角度看,茶园中施用大颗粒尿素则是本研究中最佳的施肥措施.     

长庆油田某作业区集输系统结垢机理与防控措施研究

目的解决长庆油田某作业区集输系统的结垢问题。方法采用离子色谱仪等仪器对水样的理化性质进行测试分析,采用X射线衍射仪对现场垢样进行成分分析,通过室内静态结垢实验结合滴定法,研究油井采出液混合的配伍性,并对阻垢剂进行筛选及评价。结果长庆油田某作业区集输系统结垢的主要原因为该区C6和Y9两个层系的采出液不配伍,主要结锶钡垢,且结垢量较大。温度对总结垢量的影响较小,但随着两种水样的质量比接近1︰1时,结垢量达到最大。选择加注C型阻垢剂,且加注质量浓度为90 mg/L时,阻垢率可达86.1%,比原方案提高30%左右,阻垢后最大结垢量由1678 mg/L降为233 mg/L。结论现场提供的C型阻垢剂对长庆油田某作业区集输系统具有适用性,阻垢率高,能够有效减缓现场结垢问题。     

DMPP对稻田田面水氮素转化及流失潜能的影响

采用杭嘉湖地区典型的小粉土和青紫泥土壤,进行水稻盆栽试验,研究新型硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)对稻田田面水氮素转化及径流流失潜能的影响.结果表明,小粉土和青紫泥土壤稻田应用添加DMPP抑制剂的尿素,与常规尿素处理相比,田面水中铵态氮的浓度增加24.8%和16.7%,硝态氮浓度降低47.7%和70.9%,亚硝态氮浓度降低90.6%和88.9%,总无机氮浓度下降13.5%与23.1%,能显著减轻农田氮素流失对水环境存在的污染;DMPP可使田面水的电导率下降,降低盐基离子随农田排水或暴雨径流所导致的流失风险,有助于保护河流水体等地表水环境.