The influence of degree of substitution on blend miscibility and biodegradation of cellulose acetate blends

In this account, we report our findings on blends of cellulose acetate having a degree of substitution (DS) of 2.49 (CA2.5) with a cellulose acetate having a DS of 2.06 (CA2.0). This blend system was examined over the composition range of 0–100% CA2.0 employing both solvent casting of films (no plasticizer) and thermal processing (melt-compressed films and injection molding) using poly(ethylene glycol) as a common plasticizer. All thermally processed blends were optically clear and showed no loss in optical quality after storage for several months. Thermal analysis and measurement of physical properties indicate that blends in the middle composition range are partially miscible, while those at the ends of the composition range are miscible. We suggest that the miscibility of these cellulose acetate blends is influenced primarily by the monomer composition of the copolymers. Bench-scale simulated municipal composting confirmed the biodestructability of these blends and indicated that incorporation of a plasticizer accelerated the composting rates of the blends.In vitro aerobic biodegradation testing involving radiochemical labeling conclusively demonstrated that both the lower DS CA2.0 and the plasticizer significantly enhanced the biodegradation of the more highly substituted CA2.5.While this work was in progress, Robert Gardner was struck with cancer and died on June 6, 1995. This paper is dedicated to his memory and to his contributions as a friend and colleague.     

钻井液化学剂可生物降解性评定方法

介绍研究钻井液化学剂生物降解性的必要性及开发可生物降解钻井液的进展。阐述了常用的评定有机物生物降解性的试验方法。推荐采用BOD_5／COD_Cr比值来评定我国石油行业钻井液化学剂及油田化学剂的可生物降解性，规范石油行业生物降解研究工作，保证评定结果的可靠性和可比性。     

钻井液化学剂可生物降解性研究

实验测定了16种钻井液化学剂的BOD_5和COD_cr，并计算其BOD_5／COD_cr比值。提出了以BOD_5／COD_cr的比值划分钻井液化学剂可生物降解性的分级标准，并对16种钻井液化学剂的可生物降解性进行分级，为其应用提供依据。     

Starch- polyvinyl alcohol crosslinked film— performance and biodegradation

Starch-PVOH cast films were prepared with and without crosslinking agent (hexamethoxymethylmelamine) in the absence of plasticizer. Moisture absorption in films without crosslinking agent at a low relative humidity was similar to that of PVOH and increased as the relative humidity increased. Films with crosslinking agent showed moisture absorption linearly proportional to the relative humidity. Significant improvement in resistance to water disintegration for crosslinked starch-PVOH films was observed. While the tensile strength decreased with increased relative humidity, crosslinking significantly improved the tensile strength. Increased PVOH content improved elongation of films even when the relative humidity was 80% or higher. Biodegradation studies revealed that the degradation rate was negatively correlated with the PVOH content in films and crosslinking generated more converged degradation curves. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.     

高活性萘降解细菌Hydrogenophaga Palleronii LHJ38的研究

为了研究微生物对多环芳烃的降解和转化规律,以萘作为研究对象,从餐厨油烟污染土壤中筛选到一株萘降解活性较高的细菌菌株,经菌种鉴定,定名为帕氏氢噬胞菌(H ydrogenophaga Palleronii)LH J38。测定了该菌的生长曲线和萘降解曲线,建立了菌株对萘的降解活性的定量测定方法,并研究了其最适生长条件。结果表明,在28℃、初始pH6.6、碳氮摩尔比为4的最适培养条件下,LH J38对初始质量浓度为2 000m g/L的萘在96h内的降解率可达98%以上;处于对数生长期的LH J38对萘的降解活性可达47.3nm o l/(m g.m in)。     

不同部位玉米秸秆对两种质地黑土CO2排放和微生物量的影响

秸秆还田后作物残体的分解是农田生态系统碳循环及养分周转平衡的一个至关重要环节.为了探索秸秆化学性质和土壤质地对黑土区土壤CO2排放和微生物量的影响,本文通过室内恒温培养实验研究了添加不同植株部位玉米秸秆(根、茎下部、茎顶部、叶)进入黑土区两种质地土壤(砂壤土和黏壤土)后的CO2排放、微生物量,并分析了它们与秸秆C/N、木质素含量的关系.结果表明,添加不同部位秸秆一致增加土壤CO2排放量,激发效应值介于216.53~335.17μmol·g-1,黏壤土大于砂壤土.激发效应值与木质素/N之间的线性回归关系明显好于激发效应与木质素含量、C/N、含氮量之间的线性关系.添加秸秆增加MBC和MBN含量,降低MBC/MBN,微生物群落氮固持的速率高于碳固持.添加秸秆后,砂壤土微生物量增加的幅度大于黏壤土,总溶解性氮含量小于黏壤土.结果说明,秸秆的木质素和氮含量均会对它的分解和CO2排放产生影响,木质素/N比木质素含量、C/N等更好地说明秸秆分解和CO2排放的差异;与黏壤土相比,在砂壤土中实施秸秆还田可以取得更好的土壤碳固存、微生物量和氮素保持效果.     

Pseudomonas sp. ZXY-1, a newly isolated and highly efficient atrazine-degrading bacterium, and optimization of biodegradation using response surface methodology

Atrazine, a widely used herbicide, is increasing the agricultural production effectively, while also causing great environmental concern. Efficient atrazine-degrading bacterium is necessary to removal atrazine rapidly to keep a safe environment. In the present study, a new atrazine-degrading strain ZXY-1, identified as Pseudomonas, was isolated. This new isolated strain has a strong ability to biodegrade atrazine with a high efficiency of 9.09 mg/L/hr.Temperature, p H, inoculum size and initial atrazine concentration were examined to further optimize the degradation of atrazine, and the synthetic effect of these factors were investigated by the response surface methodology. With a high quadratic polynomial mathematical model(R~2= 0.9821) being obtained, the highest biodegradation efficiency of 19.03 mg/L/hr was reached compared to previous reports under the optimal conditions(30.71°C, pH 7.14, 4.23%(V/V) inoculum size and 157.1 mg/L initial atrazine concentration).Overall, this study provided an efficient bacterium and approach that could be potentially useful for the bioremediation of wastewater containing atrazine.     

EDTA增强Cr(VI)共存时Burkholderia cepacia降解孔雀绿的效率

重金属共存严重抑制了微生物降解染料的效率,本研究拟采用EDTA螯合Cr提高Burkholderia cepacia C09G降解复合污染中孔雀绿的效率.实验结果表明,0.1 mmol·L~(-1)孔雀绿单独存在条件下,24 h的生物降解率达到96.2%;然而,在0.5 mmol·L~(-1)Cr(VI)共存条件下,60 h的降解率仅为6.7%.当加入0.5 mmol·L~(-1)EDTA螯合剂后,60 h时孔雀绿的降解率提高到18.8%.当EDTA浓度为0.5 mmol·L~(-1)时,最佳螯合Cr(VI)的浓度为0.7 mmol·L~(-1),此时,60 h后孔雀绿的降解率达到35.3%,对Cr(VI)的吸附率为24.6%.此外,通过EDS、SEM、XPS分析证明,EDTA可以减小Cr(VI)的毒性,Burkholderia cepacia C09G可将吸附的Cr(VI)还原为Cr(III).     

砷-菲对蜈蚣草根部不同碳基团的影响

采用离体鲜根实验和固态13C核磁共振技术(13C-NMR)研究蜈蚣草根部对砷和菲的吸收特征及根部碳基团的影响作用.结果表明,蜈蚣草根部在无蒸腾作用的条件下能够有效地吸收砷和菲,添加菲能够促进离体鲜根对砷的吸收,添加砷也可提高菲的吸收,与对照相比,菲提高了15%~53%.蜈蚣草离体鲜根中以烷氧基C为主,羧基C比例最低,且主要为羧酸、酯和酰胺类羧基C,添加砷和菲会显著增加蜈蚣草离体鲜根中羧基C的比例.蜈蚣草离体鲜根为应对砷和菲的胁迫形成了分子结构更为稳定和复杂的芳香类有机质,从而提高离体鲜根的抗性和适应性.     

降解蒽嗜盐菌AD-3的筛选、降解特性及加氧酶基因的研究

蒽是典型的多环芳烃类环境污染物,属于美国EPA优先控制的16种多环芳烃类化合物,其在高盐环境下的生物降解备受关注.本研究从某石油污染的高盐土壤中成功筛选出了1株高效降解蒽的菌株,经过对其生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定并命名该菌株为Martelella sp.AD-3.该菌株在0.1%～10%的盐度和6.0～10.0的pH范围内,均能够降解蒽.其生长和降解蒽的优化条件是:蒽初始浓度25 mg·L-1、温度30℃、pH值9.0和盐度3%,在优化条件下培养6 d,蒽的降解率可达到94.6%.根据已报道的双加氧酶α亚基的同源性设计简并引物,通过巢式PCR扩增获得双加氧酶基因的部分序列307 bp(GenBank:JF823991.1),与海杆菌属Marinobacter sp.NCE312(AF295033)菌株萘双加氧酶大亚基的部分氨基酸序列同源性最高为95%.