从玉米淀粉生产浸泡水中提取蛋白质及脂多糖的研究

提出了一种提取分离玉米浸泡水中蛋白质及脂多糖的方法.首先将大部分蛋白质分离出来,然后利用脂多糖易被活性炭吸附的特点,用活性炭将脂多糖从经过浓缩和去除了蛋白质的浸泡水中吸附分离出来.再使脂多糖从活性炭上脱附,同时考虑脂多糖的提纯.本文将脂多糖脱附与提纯两步合并为一步,通过活性炭色谱分离实现.得到脂多糖初步产品后,为了提高其经济价值,采用色谱分离对脂多糖进行提纯,最终使产品纯度达到97.4%.     

甘肃河东玉米种植区春夏气象干旱时空变化特征及其与环流因子关系

甘肃河东玉米种植区属于旱作雨养农业区,农作物生长主要依靠自然降水来维持,春夏干旱是影响该区玉米生长发育的关键因素。利用河东地区13个气象站点1957-2012年气象资料,基于标准化降水蒸散指数从干旱趋势、周期、空间特征及其与环流因子关系方面探讨近56 a来河东玉米种植区春夏干旱演变特征。结果表明：近56 a河东玉米种植区春夏两季均呈干旱化趋势,并自20世纪90年代中期以后,干旱呈加重趋势。干旱变化共经历了3个气候阶段,20世纪80年代之前,春夏旱情较轻;80年代-90年代,夏旱较春旱严重;2000年以后,春旱较夏旱严重。干旱周期变化,春夏干旱周期分别为20 a和14 a,干旱周期性变化主要是受太阳黑子活动影响。春夏干旱发生频率在突变前后差异显著,低频区在突变后转为高频区,易旱区呈扩大状态。ENSO事件是影响该区春夏干旱发生的主要环流因子,尤其对夏旱影响最为显著。近20 a来ENSO事件增强是该区干旱事件不断加重的原因,ENSO暖事件爆发时,该区春夏趋于干旱,由湿向干转变;ENSO冷事件爆发,干旱则有所缓解,由干向湿转变。     

玉米生产环境成本及全要素生产率的时空研究

论文在把玉米生产省（区）按生产能力划分为三类产区的基础上,纳入环境成本,系统分析了2004—2014年各地区玉米生产的环境成本全要素生产率及其分解的变化,并明确了三类产区在未来玉米产量保障中的地位和作用。研究结果表明：1）玉米生产环境成本全要素生产率呈现下降趋势,生产方式整体仍属于粗放型,同时玉米生产正转向劳动节约型和环境可持续型;2）第一主产区具有产量和环境可持续性优势,未来仍将是我国玉米供给主要产区,第二主产区和其他产区在要素管理和技术水平以及环境可持续性方面仍有待提高,能够为未来玉米需求提供更高保障。     

转cry1Ab和epsps基因玉米C0030.3.5对大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的生态毒性研究

随着抗虫和耐草甘膦除草剂转基因玉米的迅速推广和种植,其环境安全性也越来越成为人们关注的焦点。为探讨抗虫耐除草剂转基因玉米C0030.3.5(外源基因cry1Ab和epsps)对水生动物环境的安全性,以模式生物大型蚤(Daphnia magna)为指示生物,分别使用1.5 g·L~(-1)C0030.3.5玉米粉和其非转基因对照DBN318玉米粉饲喂大型蚤28 d,探讨C0030.3.5玉米对大型蚤生长和繁殖的影响。结果显示,C0030.3.5玉米粉组大型蚤与亲本DBN318组大型蚤相比,体长、存活率、新生幼蚤总数等没有显著性差异(P0.05)。28 d饲喂实验结果表明,抗虫耐除草剂玉米C0030.3.5没有对大型蚤生长和繁殖产生不良影响。上述研究结果为转基因玉米的商业化种植和安全管理提供科学数据。     

香蕉茎叶资源的开发利用

根据我国香蕉资源丰富而茎叶利用不够充分的情况,结合国内外研究现状,阐述了香蕉茎叶资源开发利用的现状和前景.香蕉茎叶除了可以作为饲草资源外,还可用于栽培食用菌、提取盐、医用、造纸等,是一种有待大力开发的农作物资源.     

Modelling impacts of alternative farming management practices on greenhouse gas emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation system in China

Agricultural production plays an important role in affecting atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Field measurements were conducted in Quzhou County, Hebei Province in the North China Plains to quantify carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation field, a common cropping system across the Chinese agricultural regions. The observed flux data in conjunction with the local climate, soil and management information were utilized to test a process-based model, Denitrification–Decomposition or DNDC, for its applicability for the cropping system. The validated DNDC was then used for predicting impacts of three management alternatives (i.e., no-till, increased crop residue incorporation and reduced fertilizer application rate) on CO₂ and N₂O emissions from the target field. Results from the simulations indicated that (1) CO₂ emissions were significantly affected by temperature, initial SOC, tillage method, and quantity and quality of the organic matter added in the soils; (2) increases in temperature, initial SOC, total fertilizer N input, and manure amendment substantially increased N₂O emissions; and (3) temperature, initial SOC, tillage, and quantity and quality of the organic matter added in the soil all had significant effects on global warming. Finally, five 50-year scenarios were simulated with DNDC to predict their long-term impacts on crop yield, soil C dynamics, nitrate leaching losses, and N₂O emissions. The modelled results suggested that implementation of manure amendment or crop residue incorporation instead of increased fertilizer application rates would more efficiently mitigate GHG emissions from the tested agro-ecosystem. The multi-impacts provided a sound basis for comprehensive assessments on the management alternatives.     

华北高产粮区夏玉米生命周期环境影响评价

以山东省桓台县夏玉米生产体系为例,应用生命周期评价方法,以单位产量为评价功能单元,把夏玉米生命周期分为原料开采与运输、农资生产与运输、作物种植3个生产阶段,对不同施氮水平下夏玉米生命周期的资源消耗与污染物排放进行了清单分析和影响评价.结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,夏玉米生命周期环境影响呈指数上升趋势,其中,主要影响类型为水资源耗竭,这与农作物需水量较大、水分生产率较低有关.在低氮量条件下,主要污染影响类型是全球变暖,随着施氮量的增加,富营养化上升为主要污染影响类型.提高作物种植阶段水肥利用效率是控制夏玉米生命周期环境影响的关键,它可减少夏玉米对水资源和氮肥的需求,从而直接减少农田氮素损失污染影响,也间接降低了上游生产环节的资源消耗与污染物排放影响,进而有助于降低夏玉米生命周期环境影响总潜力.     

微波辅助酸预处理玉米秸秆水解条件研究

玉米秸秆由叶子、皮和髓组成, 这些组分含有不同的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素, 因而可以成为生产燃料乙醇的原料. 采用微波辅助的酸水解来脱除与纤维素和木质素紧密结合的半纤维素, 使得纤维素结构发生变化有利于后续酶解是值得探讨的. 本研究通过将玉米秸秆叶子、皮和髓分离, 分别对它们进行了微波(2450MHz, 1000W)酸预处理, 确定了玉米秸秆不同部分的最优水解条件, 并对其进行了生产燃料乙醇的潜力对比, 以选出最适合做燃料酒精原料的部分. 同时, 在实验中, 选取硫酸浓度、温度、处理时间、料水质量体积比及搅拌速度5个因素分别进行单因素试验和正交试验. 结果表明, 5个因素对微波酸预处理玉米秸秆叶子的影响顺序依次为: 硫酸浓度>温度>料水质量体积比>时间>搅拌速度, 最佳条件是硫酸浓度5.0%, 温度75 ℃, 时间30min, 料水质量体积比1∶15, 搅拌速度800 r·min-1; 对玉米秸秆髓的影响顺序依次为: 硫酸浓度>搅拌速度>预处理时间>料水质量体积比>预处理温度, 最佳条件是硫酸浓度4.0%, 温度75 ℃, 时间25min, 料水质量体积比1∶20, 搅拌速度1000 r·min-1; 对玉米秸秆皮的影响顺序依次为: 硫酸浓度>预处理时间>料水质量体积比>预处理温度>搅拌速度, 最佳条件是硫酸浓度9.0%, 温度72 ℃, 时间30min, 料水质量体积比1∶17.1, 搅拌速度2000 r·min-1. 通过实验可以进一步得出, 玉米秸秆叶子和髓更适合用于生产燃料乙醇. 该研究结果对玉米秸秆的燃料化利用有一定的指导意义.     

不同磷石膏添加量与接种菌根对玉米生长及磷、砷、硫吸收的影响

通过盆栽模拟试验研究了不同磷石膏（PG）添加量（0、20、40g·kg-1）和接种3种丛枝菌根真菌（Glomus mosseae（GM）、Glomus aggregatum（GA）、Diversispora spurcum（DS））对玉米生长及其磷、硫、砷吸收的影响.试验结果表明：随磷石膏添加量的提高,土壤有效磷、有效...     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.