中国大城市郊区化对城市可持续发展的影响分析

进入20世纪80年代以来，中国经济在改革开放的促进下飞速发展，城市化水平大大提高。随着城市的发展和人民生活水平的提高。以及城市产业结构的调整，我国一些大城市一部分工业尤其是污染扰民工业开始从中心区向郊区搬迁，大城市工业进入郊区化发展阶段。随着住房制度的改革，大城市中许多工薪阶层开始住进郊区的单位分房或自购房。人口郊区化及随之而来的商业郊区化也开始显现。我国大城市郊区化是中国城市发展过程中的一种重要现象。城市郊区化对城市发展产生了深远影响。本文以北京、上海、广州、杭州、苏州、沈阳、大连等大城市为例，概括了当前我国大城市郊区化的现状特点，指出了郊区化对城市可持续发展的影响，提出了相应的管理对策，为城市管理部门提供参考。     

The LIFE certification methodology as a diagnostic tool of the environmental management system of the automotive industry

We conducted a diagnosis of the environmental management system of the Brazilian auto parts industry, using the LIFE certification methodology (lasting initiative for earth) as a diagnostic tool. This certification recognizes enterprises that develop conservation actions for biodiversity for the purpose of minimizing and/or mitigating their own negative impact on the environment. Through this method, it was possible to quantify and qualify the environmental impact and investigate the existence of conservation actions, as well as evaluate them quantitatively and qualitatively. Therefore, we used this methodology to demonstrate its potential as an economic instrument of environmental management through its application within an EMS certified to the ISO 14001 series. It was shown that there are many benefits of using sustainable environmental resources (possibility to return to ISE-Corporate Sustainability Index-Bovespa) and for the final disposal of waste from production. The main results indicated that the LIFE methodology allows companies to incorporate actions to biodiversity conservation transversally into their EMSs, which can increase the efficiency of enterprise management. We believe that the use of this management model by other companies will enable the intensification of conservation actions in protected areas in their regions.     

凤凰城旅游景区转让后的效应评价

在我国经济市场化改革的大背景下，转让景区经营权、实行企业化运作成为一些风景名胜区经营管理改革过程中的一种制度创新模式。地处西部大开发战略图中的湘西凤凰县由于在旅游开发中受到了资金缺口和管理瓶颈的双重制约，于2001年底将其辖域内的八大景区（点）的50年经营权转让给了湖南黄龙洞投资股份有限公司。景区经营权转让是一个十分复杂而敏感的话题。本文避开关于景区经营权转让的各种是非争论，基于对旅游地社区各利益主体以及旅游者的实地调查和访谈记录分析，对凤凰景区企业化运作三年来的绩效与影响作了较为客观的评估，并就如何完善景区企业化运作模式、规避经营管理风险和负面影响等提出了相关理论思考和政策建议。     

LIVESTOCK GRAZING MANAGEMENT IMPACTS ON STREAM WATER QUALITY: A REVIEW1

ABSTRACT: Controlling agricultural nonpoint source pollution from livestock grazing is a necessary step to improving the water quality of the nation's streams. The goal of enhanced stream water quality will most likely result from the implementation of an integrated system of best management practices (BMPs) linked with stream hydraulic and geomorphic characteristics. However, a grazing BMP system is often developed with the concept that BMPs will function independently from interactions among controls, climatic regions, and the multifaceted functions exhibited by streams. This paper examines the peer reviewed literature pertaining to grazing BMPs commonly implemented in the southern humid region of the United States to ascertain effects of BMPs on stream water quality. Results indicate that the most extensive BMP research efforts occurred in the western and midwestern U.S. While numerous studies documented the negative impacts of grazing on stream health, few actually examined the success of BMPs for mitigating these effects. Even fewer studies provided the necessary information to enable the reader to determine the efficacy of a comprehensive systems approach integrating multiple BMPs with pre‐BMP and post‐BMP geomorphic conditions. Perhaps grazing BMP research should begin incorporating geomorphic information about the streams with the goal of achieving sustainable stream water quality.     

Regulatory Constraints to Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems and Geologic Formations: A California Perspective

Carbon sequestration in terrestrialecosystems and geologic formations providesa significant opportunity for California toaddress global climate change. The physicalsize of its resources (e.g., forests,agriculture, soils, rangeland, and geologicformations) and the expertise in Californiaprovides a substantial foundation fordeveloping carbon sequestration activities.Furthermore, the co-benefits of carbonsequestration – such as improved soil andwater quality, restoration of degradedecosystems, increased plant and cropproductivity, and enhanced oil recovery – are significant. In fact, carbonsequestration often represents a `noregrets' strategy – implementing carbonsequestration provides multiple benefits,even without the advent of global climatechange.Nevertheless, researchers need to addressseveral issues to determine more accuratelythe potential, benefits, and costs ofsequestering carbon in California'sterrestrial ecosystems and geologicformations, as well as to identify the mostpromising sequestration methods and theiroptimal implementation. One key issue isthe type of regulatory constraints facingdevelopers of carbon sequestrationprojects: what permits are needed fordeveloping these projects? The permittingprocess may impede the penetration ofsequestration technologies into the marketif the costs (including transaction costs)of obtaining the permits are too burdensomeand costly. For example, at least ninefederal regulations and seven stateregulations will potentially influencecarbon sequestration projects inCalifornia. This paper also provides anexample of the types of permits needed fordeveloping a carbon sequestration project,using California as an example. It ispossible that a carbon sequestrationproject may have to obtain a total of 15permits (3 federal, 6 state, 6 local),before it even starts to operate. In theconcluding section, we offer some suggestedareas for research and activities forpolicy makers.     

城市PM10污染与气象因素的关系研究

分析通辽观测站2011年6月至2013年5月PM10质量浓度与气象要素的相关关系,结果表明:(1)利用二次多项式描述风速与PM10质量浓度的变化关系更合理,PM10质量浓度最小值对应的风速为2.8 m/s.PM10污染在风速大于3.5 m/s时出现频率最高,在风速小于1.5 m/s时出现频率最低.(2)风向为偏西风(W-NW)和偏南风(SSE-SSW)时,PM10污染时数出现频率较高.(3)当温度低时PM10浓度随着气温升高而增大,表现为正相关;当温度上升到一定程度(0℃～5℃左右时)后,PM10浓度随着气温的升高而逐渐降低,表现为负相关.(4)PM10浓度与降水和相对湿度分别呈负相关关系.     

重庆市黔江区春季大气污染物浓度变化与气象因素关系研究

分析了2015年重庆市黔江城区2个自动监测站点PM10,SO2,NO2,O3日均值和小时均值,结合同期气象因素,对污染物浓度与气象因素进行分析.表明,PM10、SO2、NO2和O3春季平均值呈显著差异,PM10超标6天,SO2,NO2,O3污染水平较低,未超标;PM10、SO2和NO2呈现早晚双峰型,O3呈典型单峰型;风速与SO2和NO2浓度呈负相关,与O3浓度则呈正相关关系,风速较小时,利于PM10浓度降低,当风速达到一定程度,会导致PM10浓度升高;污染物浓度和相对湿度呈明显负相关;降水对大气污染物有削减作用.     

厦门市环境空气污染时空特征及其与气象因素相关分析

利用2014年3月—2015年2月厦门市18个监测站点实测数据,运用GIS技术、相关分析以及统计分析等方法,进行空气质量指数(AQI)及其污染因子的时空分析,结合厦门市土地利用分类专题图和主要重工业企业分布图进行厦门市环境空气质量状况污染源的分析.结果表明:厦门市首要污染物为PM10,其天数占全年的48%,PM2.5紧随其后占到36%;厦门市空气质量较好时间段主要集中在夏季,其中7月份是厦门市空气质量最好的月份,而厦门市秋冬两季的空气质量较差;AQI与温度相关系数达-0.813,具有极显著负相关性(p0.01),与气压相关系数达0.835,具有极显著正相关性(p0.01),而与风速和相对湿度气象因素相关性都不显著(p0.05);PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、O3污染因子存在明显的空间分布差异,海沧区和集美区南部的空气污染比厦门其他地方明显更为严重;从土地利用图和主要重工业企业的分布图可以看出,污染最为严重的地区土地利用类型主要是建筑用地,而且这些地区还分布着许多钢铁厂和发电站.     

重庆市大气颗粒物污染特征及影响因素分析

利用重庆市17个大气自动站实时发布的数据,对PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)污染特征、变化规律与气象因子的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:2013年PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的年均值分别为70,106μg/m3,均超过国家Ⅱ级标准。月均值、季均值变化明显,总体均呈两头高中间低的"U"型分布。2013年PM_(2.5)占PM_(10)的比例较大,均值为65.8%,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的Pearson相关系数为0.974,在0.01的置信水平上(双侧)显著相关。PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的浓度与气温、大气压极显著相关;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的浓度与降雨量、日照时数(时)显著相关。     

抗旱气象服务分析探讨

干旱在我国是最常见、对农业生产、人畜饮水和水力发电影响最大的自然灾害,近年来抗旱气象服务已成为气象服务工作中的重要组成部分。本文通过分析2009年以来北方冬麦区抗旱、西南地区抗旱和长江中下游地区抗旱的气象服务典型案例,总结区域和阶段性旱情的时空分布特征及气象服务内容,提炼出抗旱气象服务的特点,剖析了气象部门服务流程,总结出抗旱气象服务的成功经验和不足,并对将来更好地做好抗旱气象服务给出了几点启示。