Seasonal and interannual variation of soil respiration in four vegetation types in the loess hilly region北大核心CSCD

Soit carbon (C) stock is the largest C pool in terrestrial ecosystems, and the emission of CO2 through soil respiration contributes to the majority of soil C expenditure and atmospheric C. Soil respiration is also one of the major processes controlling the C budget of terrestrial ecosystems. A slight change in soil CO2 emission might cause drastic variations in global C balance. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate the characteristics of soil respiration of soils growing different types of vegetation over a long period, and determine its relationship with variables such as soil temperature and moisture. The rate of soil respiration was measured each month in the growing seasons (from April to October) of 2011, 2013, and 2014 using the Li-8100 CO2 flux measurement system in the central Loess Plateau. Four types of vegetation (Quercus liaotungensis, Platycladus orientalis, Robinia pseudoacacia, and a natural shrub) were chosen for the periodical measurements. A permanent sample plot was established for each type of vegetation, and five polyvinyl chloride (PVC) collars were placed in each plot for the measurements. The temperature and water content of the soil in the upper 12 cm near the collar were measured using a digital soil temperature probe and a TDR 200 soil moisture meter at the same time when the soil respiration was measured. The soil respiration rates were fitted to the soil temperature and moisture with an exponential function, power function, linear function, and an equation combining the two variables. The results showed that: (1) the seasonal variation in the rates of soil respiration in the soils growing the four types of vegetation were almost the same, and were lower in the earlier period and then increased to high levels in the middle and later periods; (2) the rates of soil respiration in the same month varied with the type of vegetation grown, and were in the descending order: Q. liaotungensis > P. orientalis > shrub > R. pseudoacacia; (3) the average values of the rates of soil respiration in 2011, 2013, and 2014 were 2.77, 3.48, and 5.08 μmol m-2 s-1, respectively. The variation in soil respiration was higher across the three years than the variation for the types of vegetation grown; and (4) the rate of soil respiration was positively correlated to soil temperature and moisture for all the types of vegetation. A better fit was obtained by using the equation that included both the variables, soil temperature and moisture, than by an equation that included a single factor. Our results suggested that both seasonal and inter-annual variations of soil respiration occurred in the soils growing the four types of vegetation in the region. The temperature and water content of soils are the major regulating factors, and soil respiration in the Loess Plateau is more greatly affected by environment factors than by the type of vegetation. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

青海湖流域农田生态系统氢氧同位素特征及其水分利用变化研究

水分条件是直接影响农作物产量高低的主要限制因子之一,但对青海湖流域油菜和燕麦植物水分利用方式的认识尚不清楚。论文收集油菜和燕麦整个生育期内降水、植物和土壤水氢氧稳定同位素组成,并通过直接对比法和多源混合模型定量地计算出油菜和燕麦对不同深度土壤水分利用比例。结果表明：降水中同位素组成表征出较大的波动性变化,浅层土壤水同位素组成受蒸发作用影响明显富集于深层土壤水分,且土壤水中同位素在垂直方向上呈浅层土壤水较富集于深层土壤水。油菜在生育期内根系吸水方式在浅层和深层土壤间发生明显的转换,如在蕾薹期、开花期、灌浆期及成熟期主要依赖于0~10 cm（95.1%）、0~10 cm（68%和44.8%）、30~60 cm（69.9%）及0~10 cm（38.8%）的土壤水分。而燕麦根系吸水范围却没有表征出明显的改变,在整个生育期内土壤水分利用深度在0~30 cm间变化。这将为高寒地区耕作方式调整及发展节水高效的现代农业提供理论依据。     

Seasonal decline in reproductive performance varies with colony size in the fairy martin, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Petrochelidon ariel</Emphasis>

Reproductive success within populations often varies with the timing of breeding, typically declining over the season. This variation is usually attributed to seasonal changes in resource availability and/or differences in the quality or experience of breeders. In colonial species, the timing of breeding may be of particular importance because the costs and benefits of colonial breeding are likely to vary over the season and also with colony size. In this study, we examine the relationship between timing of breeding and reproductive performance (clutch size and nest success) both within and between variable sized colonies (n = 18) of fairy martins, Petrochelidon ariel. In four of these colonies, we also experimentally delayed laying in selected nests to disentangle the effects of laying date and individual quality/experience on reproductive success. Within colonies, later laying birds produced smaller clutches, but only in larger colonies. The general seasonal decline in nest success was also more pronounced in larger colonies. Late laying birds were generally smaller than earlier laying birds, but morphological differences were also related to colony size, suggesting optimal colony size also varies with phenotype. Experimentally delayed clutches were larger than concurrently produced non-delayed clutches, but only in larger colonies. Similarly, delayed clutches were more likely to produce fledglings, particularly later in the season and in larger colonies. We suggest that the reduced performance of late breeding pairs in larger colonies resulted primarily from inexperienced/low quality birds preferring to settle in larger colonies, possibly exacerbated by an increase in the costs of coloniality (e.g., resource depletion and ectoparasite infestations) with date and colony size. These findings highlight the importance of phenotype-related differences in settlement decisions and reproductive performance to an improved understanding of colonial breeding and variation in colony size.     

长江重点江段枯水期药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)的空间分布特征及来源

药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)由于潜在的生态效应引起广泛关注,近年来在长江流域中也被普遍检出.本文研究了长江攀枝花、宜宾、泸州、重庆、涪陵、三峡、岳阳、武汉、九江和南京共计10个重点江段枯水期表层水中57种PPCPs及部分代谢产物的分布和来源,为长江流域的污染管控提供了科学支撑.结果表明,长江表层水中57种PPCPs均...     

液冷电子吊舱温度环境测试研究

目的 为液冷电子吊舱热管理系统设计、可靠性预计提供实测数据支撑.方法 在液冷电子吊舱搭载航空平台,通过采集不同季节、不同飞行工况下电子吊舱内部的温度数据,获取舱内温度环境参数.结果 在统计工况范围内,引气温度的波动范围为?30～54℃,出现在0～30℃的概率为80.8％,而供液温度的波动范围为?5～46℃,出现在10～...     

北京市典型室内外灰尘中重金属的粒径和季节变异特征及人体暴露评估

于2012年采集了4类分别来自于北京市办公室、宾馆、大学生宿舍和道路的灰尘样品,探究Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Cd和Ni等6种重金属元素在灰尘中的粒径分布规律.不同重金属在灰尘中的粒径分布规律呈现出不同特征,道路灰尘中重金属元素更易于在细颗粒物上富集.分别于2012年3~8月和2012年3~12月对北京市一座办公楼内的2间办公室进行了每周1次和每2周1次的灰尘样品采集,发现Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Cd和Ni等6种重金属元素在灰尘中的含量随季节变化总体保持稳定,但Cr和Pb含量的波动性较其它4种重金属显著.地积累指数法显示,Zn、Cu和Pb在所测灰尘样品中污染程度较高,且Zn在办公室和宾馆灰尘中达到了中度污染水平.人体健康风险评估结果显示,6种重金属在4类灰尘中的非致癌健康风险值都远小于1,即风险可以忽略.     

广州干湿季典型灰霾过程水溶性离子成分对比分析

利用广州气象台2011年地面逐时能见度和相对湿度数据,以及广州番禺南村大气成分站2011年逐时Marga数据、PM数据,对比分析了一次湿季(4—9月)灰霾过程和干季(10月—次年3月)灰霾过程的污染特征.研究表明,相对干季灰霾过程,湿季灰霾过程颗粒物浓度较低,且细粒子所占比例较高;由于湿季较干季光化学反应较为活跃及可能受气象因素的不同影响,导致干湿季灰霾过程颗粒物浓度的总体变化趋势相反;湿季灰霾过程二次无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+和NO_3~-)占PM_(2.5)质量百分比的76%,是PM_(2.5)的主要成分;干季灰霾过程二次无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+和NO_3~-)仅占PM_(2.5)质量百分比的34%;湿季硫氧化率(Sulfur Oxidation Ratio,SOR)、氮氧化率(Nitrogen Oxidation Ratio,NOR)值大于干季,说明二次离子对湿季灰霾的贡献比干季要大;湿季灰霾过程中气溶胶酸性比干季弱.根据相关性分析结果可知,湿季灰霾过程中,NH_4~+主要与SO_4~(2-)结合,Na+主要与Cl-及NO_3~-结合,K+主要与Cl-和NO_3~-结合,极少部分与SO_4~(2-)结合;而在干季灰霾过程中,NH_4~+除了与SO_4~(2-)结合之外,还以NH_4NO_3和NH_4Cl的形式存在,K~+主要与Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)结合,Na+主要与Cl~-及SO_4~(2-)结合.     

基于数值模拟的2015年11月东北极端重污染过程成因的定量评估

2015年11月中上旬,我国东北地区经历了一系列连续重污染过程,其污染程度之高、影响范围之广、持续时间之长历史罕见.本文综合利用空气质量监测资料、遥感卫星资料、数值模式等方法手段探究了此次连续重污染事件的成因,并运用敏感性分析方法首次定量评估了各污染原因对PM_2.5浓度的贡献比重.结果表明,受阻塞高压控制、中低层强逆温、地面高湿度低风速等不利扩散条件可使PM_2.5浓度在污染过程中升高30%~50%;采暖季污染排放显著增强可使PM_2.5浓度整体升高100~200 μg·m^-3,重污染过程中对局部地区贡献达50%~70%;污染传输通道上游捕捉到的秸秆焚烧也可使局部地区PM_2.5浓度增加75~100 μg·m^-3,对PM_2.5浓度的平均贡献率为10%~20%.研究表明,不利扩散条件、采暖季污染源的加强排放及冬季的秸秆焚烧是引发此次高浓度PM_2.5的三大原因.本研究可为我国东北地区大气污染问题治理提供有益参考,也可帮助民众认知污染成因.     

近年广州市二氧化硫污染特征及污染来源分析

根据广州市空气自动监测系统 1991— 2 0 0 0年的监测结果 ,结合 1998年气象和污染源数据 ,对近年二氧化硫污染特征和污染来源进行分析。结果表明近年广州市二氧化硫夏季浓度对全年浓度的贡献在逐渐加大 ;在刮东南风时 ,二氧化硫平均浓度最高 ,其次是西南风 ,而且月平均风速越大浓度越高 ,东南方向和西南方向 ,存在着较明显的二氧化硫污染源。结合污染源排放及分布情况的分析结果表明 ,夏季二氧化硫污染贡献逐渐加大 ,这与广州市东部、东南部居高不下的排放量有关 ,也与广州市东南面珠江口两岸不断新建大型火电厂群有关。     

太滆流域典型水体中总氮、总磷及COD含量变化研究

在太湖流域西部的太湖与滆湖间的区域内,选择了25个监测点,对6种典型水体中TN,TP及COD含量进行了为期1年的动态监测。结果表明,6种水体枯水期TN,TP平均含量都远高于丰水期和平水期含量,枯水期TN含量较高的水体为湖水、入湖河流及畜禽养殖厂周围水体,TP含量较高的水体为居民生活区及畜禽养殖厂周围水体。各水文期不同水体COD平均含量排序为:枯水期COD含量较高的水体为水产养殖场及居民生活区周围水体;丰水期COD含量较高的水体为湖水和农田及居民生活区周围水体;平水期COD含量较高的水体为水产养殖场周围水体。