市政污水处理厂生物除磷运行效能与机理分析

选取浙江北部10个污水处理厂,调研污水厂生物除磷的运行效能并开展污泥活性以及微生物分布特征及其除磷机理的研究.通过活性污泥批试验表明,厌氧释磷率和好氧聚磷率(以P计)平均为2.4mg/(g·h)和2.2mg/(g·h);反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)占聚磷菌(PAOs)的比例为0.0%～80.1%.荧光原位杂交法(FISH)对活性污泥微生物群落结构分析表明,聚磷菌(PAOs)比例为2.0%～8.7%,聚糖菌(GAOs)比例为1.3%～22.4%.根据调查结果和生物除磷性能研究,可通过调整污水营养成分和设置独立前置反硝化池等方法改善除磷效果.     

Effect of nitrification inhibitor DMPP on nitrogen leaching, nitrifying organisms, and enzyme activities in a rice-oilseed rape cropping system

DMPP （3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate） has been used to reduce nitrogen （N） loss from leaching or denitrification and to improve N supply in agricultural land. However, its impact on soil nitrifying organisms and enzyme activities involved in N cycling is largely unknown. Therefore, an on-farm experiment, for two years, has been conducted, to elucidate the effects of DMPP on mineral N （NH4^＋- N and NO3^--N） leaching, nitrifying organisms, and denitrifying enzymes in a rice-oilseed rape cropping system. Three treatments including urea alone （UA）, urea ＋ 1% DMPP （DP）, and no fertilizer （CK）, have been carded out. The results showed that DP enhanced the mean NH4^＋-N concentrations by 19.1%-24.3%, but reduced the mean NO3^--N concentrations by 44.9%-56.6% in the leachate, under a two-year rice-rape rotation, compared to the UA treatment. The population of ammonia oxidizing bacteria, the activity of nitrate reductase, and nitrite reductase in the DP treatment decreased about 24.5%-30.9%, 14.9%-43.5%, and 14.7%-31.6%, respectively, as compared to the UA treatment. However, nitrite oxidizing bacteria and hydroxylamine reductase remained almost unaffected by DMPP. It is proposed that DMPP has the potential to either reduce NO3^--N leaching by inhibiting ammonia oxidization or N losses from denitrification, which is in favor of the N conversations in the rice-oilseed rape cropping system.     

应用物种敏感性分布评估DDT和林丹对淡水生物的生态风险

介绍了利用物种敏感性分布（SSD）进行生态风险评价的原理与步骤,构建了淡水生物对DDT和林丹的物种敏感性分布.在此基础上,计算了DDT和林丹对不同类别生物的HC5(Hazardous Concentration for 5% the species)阈值,预测了不同浓度DDT和林丹对生物可能造成的危害,并比较了不同类别生物对DDT和林丹的敏感性,以及DDT和林丹对淡水生物的生态风险.结果表明,DDT和林丹对淡水生物的HC5值分别为1.70μg·L-1和5.96μg·L-1 ,DDT对生态系统的危害大于林丹.当DDT或林丹的浓度为5μg·L-1时,对生态系统仅有轻微影响,而当DDT或林丹的浓度为500μg·L-1时,将有81.5%的物种受到DDT的危害,或有68.1%的物种受到林丹的危害.不同类别生物对DDT的敏感性从甲壳类、昆虫和蜘蛛类到鱼类依次降低,对林丹的敏感性大小依次为昆虫和蜘蛛类、甲壳类、鱼类.与林丹相比,DDT对淡水脊椎动物与无脊椎动物以及甲壳类和鱼类的生态风险较大,而对昆虫和蜘蛛类,林丹与DDT的生态风险差别不大.     

Denitrifying phosphorus removal in a step-feed CAST with alternating anoxic-oxic operational strategy

A bench-scale cyclic activated sludge technology (CAST) was operated to study the biological phosphorus removal performance and a series of batch tests was carried out to demonstrate the accumulation of denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DNPAOs) in CAST system. Under all operating conditions, step-feed CAST with enough carbon sources in influent had the highest nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency as well as good sludge settling performance. The average removal rate of COD, NH₄⁺-N, PO₄³⁻ -P and total nitrogen (TN) was 88.2%, 98.7%, 97.5% and 92.1%, respectively. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 133 mL/g. The optimum anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic (AOA) conditions for the cultivation of DNPAOs could be achieved by alternating anoxic/oxic operational strategy, thus a significant denitrifying phosphorus removal occurred in step-feed CAST. The denitrification of NOx− -N completed quickly due to step-feed operation and enough carbon sources, which could enhance phosphorus release and further phosphorus uptake capability of the system. Batch tests also proved that polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the step-feed process had strong denitrifying phosphorus removal capacity. Both nitrate and nitrite could be used as electron acceptors in denitrifying phosphorus removal. Low COD supply with step-feed operation strategy would favor DNPAOs accumulation.     

一体化工艺中反硝化聚磷菌比例测定研究

反硝化聚磷菌可以在缺氧条件下利用硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮作为电子受体完成吸磷过程,确定反硝化聚磷菌比例对于强化反硝化除磷作用具有重要意义。从一体化活性污泥工艺中取污泥混合液,加入蔗糖合200mg/LCOD后进行厌氧搅拌,2h后将厌氧污泥分成三等份,其中两份分别加入10mg/LNO3--N、10mg/LNO2--N后缺氧搅拌2h,另一份用充氧仪曝气2h。根据厌氧、缺氧/好氧交替过程中不同电子受体下的除磷量,可以简便的确定反硝化聚磷菌在全部聚磷菌中的比例,结果表明该一体化工艺中反硝化聚磷菌在全部聚磷菌中的比例达到98.92%。     

不同丙酸/乙酸对聚糖菌长/短期代谢的影响

在3个SBR反应器(即SBR-A,SBR-C和SBR-E)中,以3种不同比例的丙酸/乙酸中长期驯化活性污泥使之富集聚糖菌,对丙酸/乙酸对聚糖菌的长期和短期代谢的影响进行了研究.结果表明,长期高丙酸/乙酸驯化导致聚糖菌厌氧消耗的糖原量和合成的聚β羟基烷酸酯(poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates, PHA)的量都较少,在好氧段积累的糖原量和降解的PHA的量也较小,并且对聚糖菌的脱氢酶活性、生长速率及对有机酸的利用能力等都有抑制作用.当进水中的丙酸与乙酸的碳摩尔数相同时,单位生物量利用乙酸的速率较丙酸快.不同丙酸/乙酸对聚糖菌代谢的短期影响的研究表明,当进水中乙酸浓度突然提高时,长期以高丙酸/乙酸驯化的聚糖菌可以直接利用乙酸参与代谢,但长期以低丙酸/乙酸驯化的聚糖菌则无法快速利用丙酸.提高进水中丙酸/乙酸有可能成为有效抑制聚糖菌生长并提高增强生物除磷系统稳定性的一种策略.     

SBR短程脱氮系统中亚硝酸盐积累对生物除磷的影响

采用SBR工艺处理实际生活污水,通过控制好氧段的DO浓度及曝气时间,实现了短程硝化反硝化,并考察了短程硝化引起的亚硝酸盐积累对生物除磷系统的影响.结果表明,在没有补充外碳源的情况下,好氧阶段NO2--N的积累低于10 mg·L-1时,聚磷菌的吸磷及放磷能力没有受到影响,好氧出水磷浓度基本维持在1 mg·L-1以下;当N...     

强化生物除磷系统微生物群落结构对水温变化响应的试验研究

在富集聚磷菌(PAOs)且具有较高磷去除率的强化生物除磷(EBPR)系统中,通过对系统水温的控制,研究了EBPR系统微生物群落结构对温度升高和恢复的响应.结果表明,运行温度上升后,EBPR系统除磷效率急速下降.处理水温为25℃和30℃的系统恢复至20℃运行后能够恢复至原始的良好除磷状态,而处理水温为35℃的系统崩溃(磷...     

镁离子浓度对SBR生物除磷系统的影响

通过不投加镁离子（R1）、投加8 mg/L镁离子（R2）以及投加24 mg/L镁离子（R3）,分析镁离子对SBR生物除磷体系的影响.结果表明,适量镁离子的添加会加速聚磷菌的富集,有助于维持生物除磷系统的稳定运行.在稳定运行阶段,镁离子不充足的系统（R1）磷酸盐去除率逐渐下降至50%以下,系统呈恶化趋势,而在镁离子充足的...     

利用第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮浓度作为MUCT工艺运行控制参数

以模拟生活污水为对象考察了第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮质量浓度(SNO-3)作为MUCT工艺运行控制参数的可行性.将进水COD质量浓度恒定为(290±10)mg.L-1,TN质量浓度恒定为(55±0.5)mg.L-1,TP质量浓度恒定为(7.0±0.5)mg.L-1,改变第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮质量浓度以比较各段出水TN和TP质量浓度.结果表明,SNO-3值显著影响着出水TN和TP质量浓度,控制内循环回流量维持SNO-3为2.5 mg.L-1,可实现MUCT工艺的最优控制.利用各段硝酸盐氮和TP平均质量浓度进行的物料平衡计算结果表明SNO-3是影响厌氧段释磷量、第一缺氧段和第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮反应量、第二缺氧段吸磷量的重要参数.