阆中市思依镇水化学特征及其成因分析

阆中市思依镇地区的水体主离子特征受该地区地质条件、地形地貌以及水文气象条件等因素影响,分析该地区的水化学离子特征对掌握地下水类型、成因以及水质情况具有重要作用.运用统计学、Piper三线图、Gibbs图、相关性分析、主离子比例关系和平衡分析等方法对阆中市思依镇河水和地下水水样中的主离子测试结果进行分析,表明河水和地下水水体阳离子中Ca2+和Mg2+占主要优势,阴离子中HCO-3占主要优势,水化学类型主要有HCO3-Ca型、HCO3+SO4-Ca型和HCO3-Ca+Mg型.水体离子主要受岩石风化作用过程中溶滤作用影响,并以方解石和白云石的溶解为主.     

Natural and anthropogenic metal inputs to soils in urban Uppsala, Sweden

Urban soils are complex systems due to human activities that disturb the natural development of the soil horizons and add hazardous elements. Remediation projects are common in urban areas and guideline values are set to represent a desired level of elements. However, the natural content of trace elements may not always equal the desired levels. In this study, an attempt is made to distinguish between metals that are present in the soil due to natural origins and to anthropogenic origins. Seventy-five soil samples of the 0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm layers were collected from 25 sites in urban areas of Uppsala City and analysed for aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), tungsten (W) and zinc (Zn) using aqua regia for digestion. In order to highlight elements of geological origin, the results were compared to a similar study carried out in Gothenburg City, which has about three times as many inhabitants as Uppsala and has a more industrial history. A cluster analysis was also performed to distinguish between elements of natural and anthropogenic origin. Contents of As, Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn and W in Uppsala were concluded to be of mainly geological origin, while contents of Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg seemed to have been impacted upon by mainly urban activities.     

Meta-analysis of the differential effects of habitat fragmentation and degradation on plant genetic diversity

Genetic diversity is a key factor for population survival and evolution. However, anthropogenic habitat disturbance can erode it, making populations more prone to extinction. Aiming to assess the global effects of habitat disturbance on plant genetic variation, we conducted a meta-analysis based on 92 case studies obtained from published literature. We compared the effects of habitat fragmentation and degradation on plant allelic richness and gene diversity (equivalent to expected heterozygosity) and tested whether such changes are sensitive to different life-forms, life spans, mating systems, and commonness. Anthropogenic disturbance had a negative effect on allelic richness, but not on gene diversity. Habitat fragmentation had a negative effect on genetic variation, whereas habitat degradation had no effect. When we examined the individual effects in fragmented habitats, allelic richness and gene diversity decreased, but this decrease was strongly dependent on certain plant traits. Specifically, common long-lived trees and self-incompatible species were more susceptible to allelic richness loss. Conversely, gene diversity decreased in common short-lived species (herbs) with self-compatible reproduction. In a wider geographical context, tropical plant communities were more sensitive to allelic richness loss, whereas temperate plant communities were more sensitive to gene diversity loss. Our synthesis showed complex responses to habitat disturbance among plant species. In many cases, the absence of effects could be the result of the time elapsed since the disturbance event or reproductive systems favoring self-pollination, but attention must be paid to those plant species that are more susceptible to losing genetic diversity, and appropriate conservation should be actions taken.     

湘潭市酸雨污染状况、化学组成及其防治对策

根据2001—2005年湘潭市城区降水环境质量监测数据，对湘潭城区酸性降水的变化特征、离子化学组成、变化趋势和酸雨成因进行了分析。“十五期间”湘潭市区酸雨频率在50％以上，pH值平均范围在4．56—4．91，属重酸雨区；SO4^2-／NO3^-比值为4．93～6．13，属典型硫酸型；湘潭城区酸雨有明显的季节变化规律，春季和冬季酸雨出现的频率最多，秋季最少；酸雨分布没有明显的地区差异。依据相关系数法检验，湘潭市的酸雨从总体上看污染趋势无显著性变化，呈现相对稳定状态。     

沁河冲洪积扇地下水水化学特征及成因分析

为研究河南省济源市沁河冲洪积扇地下水水化学特征及其成因,2016年10月采集水样共计60组,其中地下水水样51组,地表水水样9组.运用数理统计、舒卡列夫分类、Piper三线图、Schoeller图、Gibbs图和离子比值等方法,分析了研究区内地下水和地表水水化学类型分布特征,讨论了地下水和表水水化学演化过程的主要控制因素.结果表明:(1)研究区地表水和地下水中主要阴阳离子为Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3~-,地表水和地下水的补给来源密切相关;(2)地下水水化学类型以HCO_3-Ca型、HCO_3-Ca·Mg型和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型为主;地表水水化学类型以HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型为主;(3)地下水和地表水主要离子的形成主要受碳酸盐矿物风化溶解作用、离子交换作用和蒸发作用共同影响,硫酸、碳酸参与了碳酸盐矿物的风化溶解过程.     

程海冬季水华特征、成因与控制对策

报道了程海冬季水华发生时间、分布、聚集状况、优势种和现存量。认为：营养物质积累、特殊的水动力、适宜的水温和光照是刺激铜绿微囊藻水华暴发的原因,近期应采取流域生态系统管理、削减污染物入湖量、增强生态系统功能三方面的控制对策减轻水华危害。     

云龙水库氮、磷污染原因分析及对策措施

依据云龙水库库区和入库河道水质现状监测结果,对造成云龙水库污染的总磷、总氮的变化情况和污染来源构成进行了初步分析,并提出预防控制污染的对策措施。     

承德市降水化学特性分析

分析了我市五年来酸雨化学特性和发展趋势,指出了酸雨的主要来源和控制酸雨产生的措施。     

漓江桂林市区段沉积物重金属环境地球化学特征

以漓江桂袜市区段表层沉积物为研究对象,测定了表层沉积物中CA、As、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Fe、Mn等14种元素的含量,采用潜在生态风险指数（RI）、相关分析和聚类分析等方法,研究了沉积物中重金属的污染水平、富集规律和可能来源。结果表明Cd污染最为严重,其它元素为轻微生态污染,污染程度为：Cd〉As〉Cu〉Pb...     

店埠河流域地表水-地下水水化学特征及其成因分析

巢湖是我国水污染防治的重点水体,但近年来一直处于较高的富营养化水平.以巢湖二级支流店埠河流域内的地表水和地下水为研究对象,测试不同水体水化学组成和氢氧同位素值,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图和离子比值等方法,分析其季节性和空间变化特征,探讨地表水和地下水的水化学特征和形成机制.结果表明,①大气降水是店埠河流域地表水和地下水的主要补给来源,地表水的蒸发分馏效应比地下水更显著.不同时期,地表水比地下水更富集氢氧稳定同位素.地表水和地下水中氢氧稳定同位素均呈季节性变化特征,丰水期相对富集,枯水期相对贫化.②店埠河流域地表水和地下水均为弱碱性水,地表水中各离子浓度明显小于地下水,地表水中阳离子以Ca²⁺和Na⁺为主,地下水中阳离子以Ca²⁺为主,水体中的优势阴离子均为HCO₃^-.地表水的水化学类型以HCO₃·Cl-Na·Ca型水为主,地下水以HCO₃-Na·Ca型水为主.③地表水和地下水主要水化学指标浓度具有一定的时空差异性.从丰水期到枯水期,地表水中TDS、K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-浓度整体呈现上升趋势.地下水中Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度整体变化不大,略有增加趋势,Cl^-、SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度整体呈上升趋势.从上游到下游,地表水中主要水化学指标浓度呈现先减小后增大的趋势,NO₃^-浓度增幅最大.地下水在径流方向上主要水化学指标浓度整体变化不大,但呈现出排泄区大于补给区的规律.④水体水化学特征的形成主要受水-岩作用控制,同时还受到人为因素影响.水-岩作用主要为硅酸盐岩、盐岩和碳酸盐岩等矿物的风化溶解.污水处理厂污水、生活污水和粪肥等污染物已明显改变了局部水体的水化学特征.⑤与2016年相比,地表水中的NO₃^-浓度已有不同程度地减少,当地政府进行的氮污染控制工作已取得一定成效,但仍需在店埠河下游、部分支流（定光河和马桥河）和部分居民点加强对污水及粪肥的污染防控.