2014年APEC期间北京市PM10和PM2.5氧化性损伤能力研究

为评估APEC会议期间联防联控措施对北京市大气可吸入颗粒物毒性的影响,采集2014年APEC会议前后3个月北京市大气PM₁₀和PM_2.5样品,应用质粒DNA损伤评价法来研究其氧化性损伤能力. 结果表明,APEC会议期间PM₁₀对DNA的损伤率高于PM_2.5,颗粒物对 DNA损伤率随剂量的增加而增加. 本研究用TD30值来指示颗粒物氧化性损伤能力,TD30为引起30%的DNA损伤率所需要的颗粒物剂量（单位为 μg·mL^-1）,TD30值越低,颗粒物氧化性损伤能力越强,APEC会议前后样品的TD30值表现为 APEC期间（11月）>APEC前（10月）>APEC后（12月）,说明氧化能力APEC后 >APEC前 >APEC期间. 用PM₁₀质量浓度乘上其在250 μg·mL^-1 剂量下的DNA损伤率得到颗粒物暴露毒性指数TI（toxic index）,与往年具有代表性月份样品的数据对比,TI大小顺序为2004年 >2014年 >2008年,说明大气中颗粒物暴露毒性随着政策控制力度的加大而降低.     

乌鲁木齐大气PM2.5对质粒DNA的损伤研究

2012年1月~2012年12月采集乌鲁木齐大气PM2.5样品,使用质粒DNA评价法研究了不同季节PM2.5的氧化能力,并进行氧化性毒性与相应气象因素和质量浓度之间的相关性研究.结果表明,乌鲁木齐大气PM2.5的质量浓度具有冬季最高,春季和秋季次之,夏季最低的季节性变化特征;PM2.5全样和水溶部分氧化能力的季节差异较大,对质粒DNA的氧化性损伤具有冬季最大,春季和夏季之次,秋季最低.冬、春、夏、秋季大气PM2.5全样的TD30(PM2.5对质粒DNA造成破坏达到30%所需要的颗粒物的剂量)平均值分别为440,491,503,515μg/mL,水溶部分分别为474,721,666,600μg/mL.绝大部分PM2.5样品全样的TD30值均小于水溶部分样,表明全样的毒性大于相应的水溶部分样.全样TD30值与平均温度显著(P<0.05)正相关,表明寒冷的天气/季节可能造成PM2.5的高毒性.水溶样TD30值与风速显著(P<0.01)正相关,与相对湿度显著负相关.这表明,高的风速和低的相对湿度可能跟较低和较高的PM2.5的毒性有关.PM2.5氧化性损伤能力的大小与其质量浓度之间的相关性不明显,表明仅以颗粒物的质量浓度来评价大气颗粒物氧化性损伤能力大小的方法并不能真实地反映其对人体健康的危害程度,起决定作用的还是颗粒物的化学组成及其表面吸附的有害成分.     

Primary neuronal-astrocytic co-culture platform for neurotoxicity assessment of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

Plastics such as polyvinyl chlorides （PVC） are widely used in many indoor constructed environments; however, their unbound chemicals, such as di-（2-ethylhexyl） phthalates （DEHP）, can leach into the surrounding environment. This study focused on DEHP＇s effect on the central nervous system by determining the precise DEHP content in mice brain tissue after exposure to the chemical, to evaluate the specific exposure range. Primary neuronal-astrocyte co-culture systems were used as in vitro models for chemical hazard identification of DEHP. Oxidative stress was hypothesized as a probable mechanism involved, and therefore the total reactive oxygen species （ROS） concentration was determined as a biomarker of oxidative stress. In addition, NeuriteTracer, a neurite tracing plugin with ImageJ, was used to develop an assay for neurotoxicity to provide quantitative measurements of neurological parameters, such as neuronal number, neuron count and neurite length, all of which could indicate neurotoxic effects. The results showed that with 1 nmol/L DEHP exposure, there was a significant increase in ROS concentrations, indicating that the neuronal-astrocyte cultures were injured due to exposure to DEHP. In response, astrocyte proliferation （gliosis） was initiated, serving as a mechanism to maintain a homeostatic environment for neurons and protect neurons from toxic chemicals. There is a need to assess the cumulative effects of DEHP in animals to evaluate the possible uotake and effects on the human neuronal system from exoosure to DEHP in the indoor environment.     

Carbonyl emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicle exhaust in China and the contribution to ozone formation potential

Fifteen heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested on chassis dynamometer by using typical heavy duty driving cycle and fuel economy cycle. The air from the exhaust was sampled by 2,4- dinitrophenyhydrazine cartridge and 23 carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The average emission factor of carbonyls was 97.2 mg/km, higher than that of light-duty diesel vehicles and gasoline-powered vehicles. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and propionaidehyde were the species with the highest emission factors. Main influencing factors for carbonyl emissions were vehicle type, average speed and regulated emission standard, and the impact of vehicle loading was not evident in this study. National emission of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was calculated for China, 2011, based on both vehicle miles traveled and fuel consumption. Carbonyl emission of diesel vehicle was estimated to be 45.8 Gg, and was comparable to gasolinepowered vehicles （58.4 Gg）. The emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were 12.6, 6.9, 3.8 Gg, respectively. The ozone formation potential of carbonyls from diesel vehicles exhaust was 537 mg O3/km, higher than 497 mg O3/km of none-methane hydrocarbons emitted from diesel vehicles.     

Effect of a high strength chemical industry wastewater on microbial community dynamics and mesophilic methane generation

A high strength chemical industry wastewater was assessed for its impact on anaerobic microbial com- munity dynamics and consequently mesophilic methane generation. Cumulative methane production was 251 mL/g total chemical oxygen demand removed at standard temperature and pressure at the end of 30 days experimental period with a highest recorded methane percentage of 80.6% of total biogas volume. Volatile fatty acids （VFAs） analysis revealed that acetic acid was the major intermediate VFAs produced with propionic acid accumulating over the experimental period. Quantitative analysis of microbial communities in the test and control groups with quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction highlighted that in the test group, Eubacteria （96.3%） was dominant in comparison with methanogens （3.7%）. The latter were dominated by Methanomicrobiales and Methanobacteriales while in test groups increased over the experimental period, reaching a maximum on day 30. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile was performed, targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Eubacteria and Archaea, with the DNA samples extracted at 3 different time points from the test groups. A phylogenetic tree was constructed for the sequences using the neighborhood joining method. The analysis revealed that the presence of organisms resembling Syntrophomonadaceae could have contributed to increased production of acetic and propionic acid intermediates while decrease of organisms resembling Pelotomaculum sp. could have most likely contributed to accumulation of propionic acid. This study suggested that the degradation of organic components within the high strength industrial wastewater is closely linked with the activity of certain niche microbial communities within eubacteria and methanogens.     

探讨适用于河流沉积物重金属污染程度的评价方法

本文使用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法两种方法对同一区域五条河流的沉积物中重金属的测定结果进行了评价和比较,提出了将河流沉积物中重金属的监测纳入我国地表水常规监测的意见和建议.     

油品装卸过程静电特性研究

为了研究油品装卸过程中的静电危险性,在两个城市的油库和加油站对油品的装油、卸油过程,以及装油的油罐车从油库向加油站行驶的过程中,油罐车内油品的油面电位进行了静电检测。通过对大量油罐车内油面电位的检测数据分析可以看出,在正常装卸油过程中,油罐车内油品的油面电位远远小于标准所规定安全油面电位,有缩短稳油时间的可能性。     

DGGE及T-RFLP分析光照下电位对细菌群落的影响

电位和光照能影响生物电化学系统中产电光合微生物的富集和生长,为了明确电位对细菌多样性的影响,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)和末端限制性片段长度多态性(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)两种方法分析光照条件下电位对电极生物膜细菌群落多样性的影响,实验设置0、0.2、0.4、0.6 V(vs.Ag/AgCl)4个电位.结果表明,0.6 V(vs.Ag/AgCl)下电极生物膜细菌DGGE条带数量较其他处理明显降低,对条带的测序结果显示不同电位下电极生物膜细菌主要属于α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria)和梭菌纲(Clostridia).而0.2 V(vs.Ag/AgCl)处理下末端限制性片段(terminal restriction fragment,T-RF)的数量最高,片段数量随电压进一步升高呈现降低趋势.虽然DGGE和T-RFLP两种方法分析结果有一定差异,但都能反映电位对电极生物膜细菌群落多样性影响显著,高电位降低了细菌多样性.     

基于不确定性分析的垃圾焚烧烟气中重金属的土壤沉积及生态风险评估

采用CALPUFF模式模拟某城市垃圾焚烧烟气中重金属Pb和Cd的地面大气浓度,并借助土壤浓度模型以Monte Carlo模拟不确定性处理方法估算重金属经沉降在土壤中的累积,最后利用潜在生态危害指数法对重金属在土壤中的长期累积量进行生态风险评估.结果表明,Pb和Cd的大气浓度最大值分别为5.59×10-3μg·m-3和5.57×10-4μg·m-3,土壤浓度增量中值最大分别为2.26 mg·kg-1和0.21 mg·kg-1;高生态风险区集中在焚烧炉附近的下风向地区,生态风险主要由Cd贡献,Pb基本无污染风险;城市最大污染点达较高生态危害水平概率为55.30%,农村最大污染点达中等生态危害水平概率达72.92%.此外,对土壤浓度模型的参数进行敏感性分析表明,城、乡区域模拟结果分别对土壤混合厚度和干沉降速率敏感性最强.     

基于污染防治技术模拟的造纸行业环境管理方法研究

为评估工业水污染物减排潜力、探究污染防治技术模拟在污染物总量控制、污染物排放限值等环境管理中的应用,按照"原料-工艺-技术-产品"的耦合关系建立了"工业污染物减排潜力分析及环境管理"模型,集成自下而上建模和情景分析等方法在我国造纸行业进行案例研究.结果表明,在政策组合情景下,废水、COD、氨氮在2015年的减排潜力分别为7×108t、39×104t、0.3×104t,2020年分别为13.8×108t、56×104t和0.5×104t;2010~2020年期间加强末端治理仍然是主要减排途径,但2015~2020年间行业结构调整的作用将逐渐提升,并使行业产污水平在2015年和2020年基本达到国内或国际先进水平,废水和氨氮指标在2015年和2020年基本满足排放标准,但COD难以达标.