邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯致OVA致敏大鼠哮喘样病理学改变

全球哮喘患者人数众多,而且这一数字仍在不断增长.近年来大家把目光聚焦到人造化学物质与哮喘增加的关系上.邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)是现代社会一种常见的污染物,在室内环境中也有广泛的存在.本研究通过建立卵清白蛋白(OVA)致敏的大鼠哮喘模型,来探讨DEHP对哮喘的影响.将Wistar大鼠随机分为6组,分别为生理盐水对照和两种浓度(0.5mg·m-3和5mg·m-3)的DEHP染毒的无OVA致敏组,以及这三者对应的OVA致敏组.行肺部滴注法对大鼠进行染毒,每天1次,染毒剂量相当于在0.5mg·m-3和5mg·m-3浓度的DEHP中暴露8h.处理后的大鼠通过肺功能检测,ELISA检测肺组织细胞因子和肺组织切片等方法研究其哮喘症状.结果显示DEHP染毒的OVA致敏组具有更显著的哮喘症状.     

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基已)酯(DEHP)对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada maetensii)胚胎发育的影响及DNA损伤

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯(DEHP)是一种常用的增塑剂,在环境中广泛存在。本研究以马氏珠母贝胚胎为研究对象,揭示DEHP短期胁迫对胚胎发育的影响及胚胎DNA损伤。结果显示:DEHP对D型面盘幼虫的发育有显著影响,同一浓度组的死亡率与时间呈正相关。在(4~32)mg/L浓度范围内,不同胁迫时间段,幼虫的死亡率随染毒浓度升高而上升,表现出明显的剂量-效应关系,说明DEHP暴露能影响马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的发育,并可能对其种群结构产生不利影响。DEHP胁迫还能对胚胎 DNA造成明显损伤,随着DEHP染毒浓度的增大,彗星尾长(TL)、尾矩(OTM)明显增加,尾部DNA含量(T-DNA)上升,3个指标表现出良好的相关性,DNA的损伤与暴露浓度间存在明显的剂量-效应关系。研究结果表明马氏珠母贝D型面盘幼虫的发育和形态学变化、胚胎细胞的DNA的损伤可以作为反映海洋环境中DEHP污染早期预警的敏感生物标志物。     

住宅室内降尘中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及暴露评价

利用CH2Cl2和超声对天津市13户家庭住宅冬季和夏季26个室内降尘样品中6种邻苯二甲酸酯(DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP、DOP)进行提取分离,并采用气相色谱-质谱定量分析,研究了邻苯二甲酸酯污染变化特征和暴露风险.结果表明,冬夏两季,室内降尘样品均以DEHP 浓度最大,DBP第二,且DBP 和DEHP之和占ΣPAEs 的比例达到80.0%以上;冬季,各采样点6种邻苯二甲酸酯总含量(∑PAEs)浓度在1.498~32.587μg/g之间,平均浓度为(6.772±8.154)μg/g;夏季,∑PAEs浓度在1.981~40.041μg/g之间,平均浓度为(13.406±12.911) μg/g;PAEs浓度季节变化差异显著,夏季降尘样品中PAEs浓度高于冬季.暴露评价显示儿童和成人的夏季邻苯二甲酸酯总暴露量均大于冬季;经口暴露水平大于皮肤;平均儿童的暴露水平是成人的10倍左右;成人和儿童对4种物质(DBP、DEHP、DEP、BBP)的总暴露量最大值均出现在夏季;天津室内降尘暴露量与我国6城市室内降尘总暴露水平相当(除DEHP外),与德国和美国的暴露水平相比,天津儿童和成人的暴露量偏小.但是,室内环境中PAEs污染对人体健康的影响仍要引起重视,尤其是对低龄儿童的健康危害.     

夏季学生宿舍室内降尘中PAEs污染特征和暴露评价

利用CH2Cl2和超声对35个南开大学学生宿舍室内降尘样品中的DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP 和DOP等6种PAES进行提取分离,采用GC-MS定量分析,研究了PAEs污染变化特征及暴露风险.结果表明,南开大学学生宿舍室内降尘中PAEs污染以DEHP和DBP为主,中位值浓度分别为126.916μg/g和123.591μg/g,两者之和占Σ6PAEs浓度的99%以上,室内降尘中PAEs污染程度和类型与室内含增塑剂产品的数量、室内清洁通风情况及成员性别有关;经口暴露水平大于皮肤,其中DBP、DEHP的暴露量高于美国,占人体总PAEs摄入量比例较高,故学生宿舍降尘中PAEs暴露应给予重视.     

Inhibition of ROS elevation and damage to mitochondrial function prevents lead-induced neurotoxic effects on structures and functions of AFD neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans

Here we investigated the possible roles of oxidative stress in the formation of decreased thermotaxis to cultivation temperature in lead (Pb)-exposed nematodes Caenorhabditis elagans. Exposure to Pb at the examined concentrations decreased thermotaxis behaviors, and induced severe deficits in the structural properties of AFD sensory neurons. Meanwhile, Pb exposure caused the induction of severe oxidative damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial dysfunction in young adults. Moreover, pre-treatment with the antioxidants dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ascorbate and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), used to inhibit both the ROS elevation and the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by Pb exposure, at the L2-larval stage prevented the induction of oxidative damage and the formation of severe deficits in thermotaxis and structural properties of AFD sensory neurons in Pb-exposed young adults. Therefore, the formation of oxidative stress caused by Pb exposure may be due to both the induction of ROS elevation and damage to mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress may play a key role in inducing the neurotoxic effects on the structures and function of AFD sensory neurons in Pb-exposed nematodes.     

Pollution characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Hangzhou

Phthalate esters (PAEs), typical pollutants widely used as plasticizers, are ubiquitous in various indoor and outdoor environments. PAEs exist in both gas and particle phases, posing risks to human health. In the present study, we chose four typical kinds of indoor and outdoor environments with the longest average human residence times to assess the human exposure in Hangzhou, including newly decorated residences, ordinary residences, offices and outdoor air. In order to analyze the pollution levels and characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase PAEs in indoor and outdoor environments, air and particulate samples were collected simultaneously. The total PAEs concentrations in the four types of environments were 25,396, 25,466.8, 15,388.8 and 3616.2?ng/m³, respectively. DEHP and DEP were the most abundant, and DMPP was at the lowest level. Distinct variations in the distributions of indoor/outdoor, gas/particle-phase and different molecular weights of PAEs were observed, showing that indoor environments were the main sources of PAEs pollution. While most PAEs tended to exsit in indoor sites and gas-phase, the high-molecular-weight chemicals tended to exist in the particle-phase and were mainly found in PM_2.5. PAEs were more likely adsorbed by small particles, especially for the indoor environments. There existed a good correlation between the particle matter concentrations and the PAEs levels. In addition, neither temperature nor humidity had obvious effects on the distributions of the PAEs concentrations.     

ABS湿热海洋大气环境室内外老化行为及相关性研究

目的 研究丙烯腈(Acrylonitrile)、丁二烯(Butadiene)、苯乙烯(Styrene)3种单体的三元共聚物(Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene,ABS)在湿热海洋大气环境室内外的老化行为及其相关性。方法 开展湿热海洋大气暴露(室外)试验及多因子循环加速老化(室内)试验,通过观测外观形貌、力学、化学结构等性能变化,定性探究ABS室内外老化规律。通过灰色关联度与主成分分析,定量探索ABS室内外老化行为的相关性。结果 ABS黄色指数等与表面性能相关的指标在户外暴露6个月及室内加速老化300 h左右就基本达到饱和值50和45,而与整体性能相关的拉伸强度在老化过程中先下降、后上升,断裂伸长率、冲击强度、缺口冲击强度等指标在户外暴露2个月或室内老化200 h快速下降近60%后,再缓慢降低。分子链中丁二烯单体的双键或苯环侧链中的季碳受到环境中光、氧、水等的作用,分解生成酮与羟基。通过主成分分析,将ABS多种性能指标组合成综合老化指标,客观定量评价ABS室内外老化灰色关联度高达0.93。结论ABS老化是分子链断链及交联的动态竞争过程,湿热海洋大气环境室内外老化行为的相关性较高。     

邻苯二甲酸酯暴露的大鼠尿液生物标志物研究

建立了检测尿液中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物(PAEs)共同水解产物邻苯二甲酸(PA)的分析方法;通过雄性成年SD大鼠代谢试验,检测了邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)单独暴露、以及联合暴露条件下大鼠尿液中PA总量,并分析了PA与暴露总量之间的关系.结果显示,随着暴露剂量的增大,尿液中排出的PA总量也不断增大;DBP单独暴露、DEHP单独暴露以及两者联合暴露时尿液PAEs代谢物平均排泄总量占摄入量的百分比分别为65.04%、55.00%和38.35%;大鼠尿液中PA的摩尔总量与DBP、DEHP、以及两者联合暴露的摩尔量之间的相关系数分别为0.92(P<0.01)、0.56(P<0.01)、0.93(P<0.01).尿液水解后的PA能够反映PAEs类物质的总暴露水平,将来可能作为一种潜在的暴露生物标志物用于人群的PAEs暴露监测.     

胃肠模拟体外法的生理参数对室内灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯与磷系阻燃剂的生物有效性的影响

室内灰尘吞食暴露是邻苯二甲酸酯与磷系阻燃剂的主要暴露途径,测定室内灰尘中该类有机污染物的生物有效性对其暴露风险评价至关重要.本研究选择胃肠模拟体外方法-生理原理提取法(PBET)法测定室内灰尘中邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(Dibutyl phthalate,DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(Butyl benzyl phthalate,BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)和三(2-氯乙基)磷酸酯(Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate,TCEP)的生物有效性.研究了PBET法中胆盐含量、模拟肠液p H值、液固比及同时摄入奶粉等生理参数对生物有效性的影响.结果表明,4种有机污染物的生物有效性从1.5%(DEHP)到52%(TCEP),随污染物辛醇水分配系数的增加而降低.随着模拟液胆盐含量增加,DBP、BBP与DEHP的生物有效性逐渐增加,并在10 g·L~(-1)附近达到最大值后趋于平稳.TCEP由于其较好的水溶性,生物有效性并未随着胆盐含量的增加而明显变化.奶粉含量的增加则显著增加了DBP、BBP、DEHP和TCEP的生物有效性,在10 g·L~(-1)附近达到最大值后普遍呈现下降趋势.随着液固比的增加,DBP和DEHP的生物有效性显著提升,然而BBP与TCEP的生物有效性却未发生明显改变.在p H 6~8范围内,均未对4种有机物的生物有效性产生显著影响.     

DEP对蚯蚓抗氧化酶系的影响及DNA损伤

邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)是一种常见的塑料添加剂,并因塑料制品大量广泛使用而进入土壤环境,但其对土壤动物的毒性及其机制并未完全阐明.本文以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)为研究对象,使其暴露于不同含量DEP的模拟污染土壤,以蚯蚓体内的抗氧化酶活性、ROS含量、GST活性、MDA含量和DNA损伤程度为评估参数,研究含DEP污染土壤对蚯蚓的毒性作用并分析其机制.结果表明,在DEP胁迫作用下,蚯蚓体内的抗氧化酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性、活性氧自由基(ROS)均发生变化并导致基因损伤产生.在28d的实验周期内0.1~50 mg·kg-1DEP的胁迫下,ROS含量水平呈现增加状态,存在"剂量-效应"关系,并且过量的ROS引起脂质过氧化反应造成机体内MDA含量增加.在ROS和MDA共同作用下,蚯蚓体腔内的DNA受到损伤并且损伤程度与DEP含量存在"剂量-效应"关系.从实验结果可以看出,DEP可以对蚯蚓机体和DNA造成一定程度的损伤,表现出较强的生态毒理效应.     

DEHP与OVA联合染毒对小鼠肺功能和肺部IL-17表达的作用

为探讨邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(di-(2-ehtylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)在单独染毒和与卵清蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)联合染毒条件下对小鼠气道的影响及其相关机制,将Balb/c小鼠随机分为:未处理对照组(生理盐水组)、DEHP染毒组、OVA染毒组、DEHP+ OVA联合染毒组(DEHP+ OVA),每组雄性Balb/c小鼠6只.用OVA致敏加激发的方式制作小鼠哮喘模型.DEHP染毒组每天给予10 mg·kg-1 DEHP灌胃,连续54 d.OVA染毒组、DEHP+ OVA染毒组小鼠均在第54～60 d(共计1周)进行1％ OVA雾化(30 min·d-1),每日1次,诱发哮喘.第60 d进行以下操作:肺功能测试,肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)样品收集和肺组织中的Interleukin-17A(IL-17A)含量的测定.结果显示,与DEHP染毒组相比,DEHP与OVA联合染毒组小鼠BALF的IL-17A显著增加(p＜0.05),肺功能降低(p＜0.05),气道重塑,肺部细胞浸润明显.提示DEHP对小鼠哮喘模型佐剂作用的分子机制可能涉及IL-17的介导作用.     

好氧生化污水处理厂化学品暴露预测模型构建

污水处理厂是化学品进入环境的重要中转站,污水处理厂中的暴露预测是化学品环境风险评估的重要内容.以污水处理厂中最简单的传统活性污泥法为基础工艺,基于我国新化学物质登记要求的基础数据(分子量、吸附/解吸附系数、蒸气压、水溶解度、快速或固有生物降解性)、我国的环境条件(温度=283K、风速=2 m·s~(-1))和污水处理厂典型场景参数(日处理量=3.5万m~3·d~(-1)、进水BOD_5=0.15 g·L~(-1)、进水SS=0.2 kg·m~(-3)、出水SS=0.02 kg·m~(-3)、曝气池BOD_5去除率=90%、污泥密度(dw)=1.6 kg·L~(-3)、污泥有机碳含量为0.18~0.19),根据化学品的线性吸附、一级动力学降解、Whitman双阻力挥发机制以及逸度理论,建立了包含空气、水、悬浮颗粒和沉积污泥9箱质量守恒方程的污水处理厂化学品暴露预测模型CSTP(O),同时确定了快速或固有生物降解性结果外推获得STP降解速率的标准.模型验证结果表明,C-STP(O)模型对已有研究中26种化学品预测准确率为81%,对5种酚类化学品,模型预测与实测去除率绝对差值为2.5%~6.3%,C-STP(O)能准确预测具有快速或固有生物降解性的有机化学品在污水处理厂中挥发、吸附、降解、二级出水的分布比例.所建模型可为研究化学品在STP中的归趋及化学品暴露评估提供技术工具.     

三元乙丙橡胶室内外老化行为及相关性分析

目的 研究三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)的室内外老化机制及其相关性.方法 开展户外拉萨、漠河、吐鲁番、万宁、武汉等站点及室内氙灯加速老化试验,通过分析表观、力学、化学结构等性能,探究EPDM室内外老化行为相关性及加速比.结果 EPDM室内外环境中老化规律为,光泽度初期迅速下降,后期趋于稳定;老化初期色差上升,后期逐渐下降.撕...     

持久性、迁移性和潜在毒性化学品环境健康风险与控制研究现状及趋势分析

持久性、迁移性、毒性或高持久和高迁移性化学品(PMT/vPvM)在全球地表水、地下水和饮用水水体已被广泛检出,是未来可能显著影响人类健康和环境的一类重要新兴污染物.按照欧盟提议的鉴别标准,现有化学品中的PMT/vPvM数以千计,涉及用途广泛,包括三聚氰胺等数10种较高产量的工业化学品.PMT/vPvM可通过农田径流、工业废水和生活污水排入环境,污水处理厂目前被认为是其主要排放途径.因难以被现行常规水处理技术有效去除,PMT/vPvM可长期存在于城镇人居环境水循环系统中,危及居民饮用水及生态系统安全.欧盟已率先开始将PMT/vPvM专门纳入现行化学品风险管理体系中的优先范畴.目前,环境中仍有众多潜在PMT/vPvM,其监测方法亟待进一步完善,物质鉴定、类别范围及清单建立均尚需时日;PMT/vPvM在全球各地区的环境分布和暴露研究十分有限,其潜在、长期的生态毒性和人体健康危害效应研究较为匮乏.与此同时,替代品或替代技术以及污水处理、污染场地修复等环境工程治理技术的研究和开发,都将成为未来PMT/vPvM风险科学研究与管理决策的迫切需求.     

DEHP暴露对小鼠神经行为学及脑脂质过氧化物的影响

为研究增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate,DEHP)对脑组织造成氧化损伤以及对小鼠神经行为(主要包括学习、记忆能力与情绪)的影响.将24只雄性昆明小鼠随机分成4组,每组6只,分别为对照组(生理盐水),低浓度染毒组(5mg·kg-1DEHP,L组),中浓度染毒组(50mg·kg-1DEHP,M组),高浓度染毒组(500mg·kg-1DEHP,H组).利用Y型电迷宫检验小鼠的学习记忆能力变化,利用悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验检测小鼠抑郁行为的变化.然后取出脑组织,检验活性氧簇(ROS)及丙二醛(MDA)含量.数据显示,染毒组小鼠的学习记忆及行为学控制能力明显低于对照组(p<0.05),并且随DEHP浓度的增大小鼠的学习记忆及行为学控制能力降低.DEHP低、中、高剂量染毒组与对照组氧化应激反应均具有显著性(p<0.05),且呈剂量效应关系.因此,DEHP可导致小鼠学习记忆能力下降、抑郁情绪增加,其分子机制可能涉及DEHP对脑组织造成的氧化损伤.     

An occupational chemical priority list for future life cycle assessments

A chemical priority list is presented to screen and identify relevant chemicals, for which more detailed and industrial-sector specific quantitative exposure, risk and life-cycle assessments should be completed. A list of 38 solvents were ranked according to the framework of the LCA toxicity model, USEtox, and according to the framework proposed by the UNEP/SETAC working group on Indoor Exposure Assessment in LCA. An additional method, based on a risk assessment (RA) framework, was used to examine the robustness of the priority rank. Under both schemes dichloromethane, ethanol, formaldehyde, hexane and toluene all rank in the top ten positions. These chemicals are currently relevant with regard to health effects on a population level. Some of these chemicals are known as hazardous, while others, such as ethanol, have a low toxicity but were prioritized because of their extensive use and high exposure levels. This study attempts to combine the knowledge and methods of the LCA and occupational hygiene communities in assessing health impacts. It provides a consistent and transparent method for rapid comparative assessments of different chemicals and identifies the chemicals and workplaces that will require more thorough investigations.     

冬季天津家庭室内空气颗粒物中邻苯二甲酸酯污染研究

为了解我国家庭住宅室内空气颗粒物中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染程度,采集天津市13户家庭住宅冬季室内空气颗粒物PM10、PM2.5样品,采用GC/MS分析了DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP、DOP等6种邻苯二甲酸酯.结果表明,室内空气颗粒物中DMP、DEP、DBP、BBP、DEHP这5种邻苯二甲酸酯在所有家庭均被检出,DOP在部分家庭检出.其中,DBP和DEHP为主要污染物.PM10和PM2.5中的6种物质占ΣPAEs颗粒相的比例规律相同,DBP和DEHP较大,分别为13.92%～91.50%、5.56%～85.08%和20.88%～93.95%、5.53%～75.90%;其次是DMP、DEP和BBP,DOP最小.不同粒径颗粒物上PAEs的分布显示,大多数PAEs易吸附在粒径较小的细粒子PM2.5上;结合调查问卷分析表明,冬季室内空气颗粒物上PAEs污染主要来源于室内,受房间的装修时间、装修特点、生活习惯、吸烟、烹饪、塑料制品使用量、室内清洁度和温度等因素的影响.     

Low concentrations of atrazine, glyphosate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and triadimefon exposures have diverse effects on Xenopus laevis organ morphogenesis

Many chemicals are released into the environment, and chemical contamination has been suggested as a contributing factor to amphibian declines. To add to a growing body of knowledge about the impact of individual chemicals on non-target organisms, we examined the specificity of deformities induced by exposure to four pesticides (atrazine, 2,4-dichloropheoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), triadimefon, and glyphosate) in the model amphibian species, Xenopus laevis. We focused on the period of organ morphogenesis, as it is frequently found to be particularly sensitive to chemical exposure yet also commonly overlooked.We found similar levels of intestine malformations and edemas, as well as disruption of skeletal muscle, in atrazine and triadimefon exposed tadpoles. The e ects of 2,4-D were only apparent at the highest concentrations we examined; glyphosate did not induce dramatic malformations at the concentrations tested. While researchers have shown that it is important to understand how chemical mixtures a ect non-target organisms, our results suggest that it is first crucial to determine how these chemicals act independently in order to be able to identify consequences of individual pesticide exposure.     

Exposure to phthalates: germline dysfunction and aneuploidy

Epidemiological studies continue to reveal the enduring impact of exposures to environmental chemicals on human physiology, including our reproductive health. Phthalates, a well characterized class of endocrine disrupting chemicals and commonly utilized plasticizers, are among one of the many toxicants ubiquitously present in our environment. Phthalate exposure has been linked to increases in the rate of human aneuploidy, a phenomenon that is detected in 0.3% of livebirths resulting in genetic disorders including trisomy 21, approximately 4% of stillbirths, and over 35% of miscarriages. Here we review recent epidemiological and experimental studies that have examined the role that phthalates play in germline dysfunction, including increases in apoptosis, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and impaired genomic integrity, resulting in aneuploidy. We will further discuss subject variability, as it relates to diet and polymorphisms, and the sexual dimorphic effects of phthalate exposure, as it relates to sex-specific targets. Lastly, we discuss some of the conserved effects of phthalate exposure across humans, mammalian models and nonmammalian model organisms, highlighting the importance of using model organisms to our advantage for chemical risk assessment and unveiling potential mechanisms that underlie phthalate-induced reproductive health issues across species.     

生物大分子加合物的检测及其在环境风险性评价中应用

环境中化学物质对人体致癌的风险性评价对于预防人类疾病和控制环境污染具有非常重要的意义。而反映暴露水平与生物效应的生物标记物研究不仅是导向预防研究的核心内容，也是环境致癌物风险评价的重要手段。传统的有毒化学物监测方法在研究人群暴露和危险度评价时得到的仅为近似接触量，而对个体在吸收、代谢、排泄，生物利用上的差异不能提供任何信息，分子生物标记物可用于检测生物暴露于环境致癌物的剂量和效应，生物体的遗传性或诱发性的敏感性差异，以及由环境致癌物引发的各种疾病的早期诊断，不仅提供个体有效接触量，还能提供许多化学物质结构与毒性之间关系及毒物代谢动力学方面的信息。与其他手段相比，分子生物标志物作为指示污染物危害效应的生物信号，其检测是从以往测定环境中化学物的含量估计生物体的接触水平，发展到直接检测化学物与生物受体结合产物的一种方法。文章对分子生物标志物一生物大分子加合物(如DNA，RNA，蛋白质加合物等)的形成机理以及在环境风险评价中的应用进行了综述：介绍了几种生物大分子加合物的检测方法，并对各种方法的特点进行评述，讨论了目前分子生物标志物研究存在的问题，并展望了该领域的应用前景。