施用堆腐有机肥对水稻土中六氯苯脱氯降解影响

采用水稻盆栽实验,供试土壤为红壤性水稻土和乌栅土,分别设定对照及添加1%和2%堆腐有机肥的处理,研究施用该有机肥对六氯苯(HCB)在种水稻土壤中还原脱氯降解的影响,并分析甲烷生成与HCB脱氯降解的关系.结果表明,18周之后,红壤性水稻土中HCB可提取态残留减少了28.6%～30.1%,乌栅土中HCB可提取态残留减少了47.3%～61.0%;水稻植株吸收的HCB及其降解产物量仅为土壤中HCB初始量的千分之几;HCB发生脱氯降解主要生成五氯苯(PeCB);由于乌栅土的pH和可溶性有机碳含量均高于红壤性水稻土,HCB在乌栅土中的脱氯降解效率较高;在红壤性水稻土中和乌栅土中,施用1%和2%堆腐有机肥分别在第6和第10周后显著抑制PeCB生成,且PeCB生成速率在有机肥的2个添加水平之间均无显著差异;产甲烷菌在脱氯降解中的作用因环境条件而异.     

MnO2表面结合Fe(Ⅱ)对三氯乙烯的还原脱氯作用

通过批量实验研究了Fe(Ⅱ)、MnO2和MnO2表面吸附Fe(Ⅱ)这3种体系对溶液中三氯乙烯的还原脱氯作用。发现Fe(Ⅱ)吸附在MnO2表面时,对三氯乙烯的脱氯作用最强,氯代降解产物为顺-二氯乙烯(cis-DCE),且反应符合准一级动力学。进一步实验表明,保持Fe(Ⅱ)浓度为1 mmol/L,反应速率常数kobs和三氯乙烯去除率随pH升高(5.0～9.0)而增加,最大值分别为1.62×10-1h-1、70.4%;固定pH=7.0,kobs和三氯乙烯去除率随其Fe(Ⅱ)浓度增加(1～3mmol/L)而增大。Fe(Ⅱ)浓度继续增加,kobs和三氯乙烯去除率反而减小。pH=7.0,Fe(Ⅱ)浓度为3 mmol/L时,kobs和三氯乙烯去除率达到最大值,分别为2.86×10-1h-1和85.7%。     

利用零价铁去除挥发性氯代脂肪烃的试验

选用四氯乙烯(PCE)、三氯乙烯(TCF)与四氯化碳(CT)为靶污染物,研究不同组合下,零价铁系统对各污染物降解的有效性及反应进行的影响因素.结果表明:实验选用的废料生铁可有效去除水中的有机氯代脂肪烃类,尤其对氯代烷烃具有较强的降解功能,且反应符合准一级反应动力学方程;当PCE和TCE共存时,PCE和TCE的反应速率常数K分别为0.0624mL·(m²·h)^-1和0.0357mL·(m²·h),说明氯代程度高的PCE脱氯快;当CT和PCE共存时,二者的K分别为0.1341mL·(m2·h)^-1和0.0129mL·(m²·h)^-1,CT的脱氯快且彻底,说明氯代程度相同时烷烃的脱氯优于烯烃;无论是哪种氯代烃,单独存在时其反应的半衰期均短于与其它组分共存时.     

强还原处理和生物炭对设施蔬菜土壤DOM数量和光谱特征的影响

土壤强还原处理（Reductive Soil Disinfestation,RSD）可以有效地修复设施蔬菜土壤的连作障碍,但实施过程中亦会引起可溶性有机质（Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM）数量和质量的变化.本研究通过培养实验,设置未修复对照（CK）、RSD修复（RSD）、生物炭修复（BC）及RSD与生物炭联合修复（RSD+BC）4个处理,对比研究不同修复处理对土壤DOM含量和光谱特征的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,RSD、BC和RSD+BC修复后土壤的DOC含量分别增加了142.9%、24.6%和127.0%;相较于RSD处理,RSD+BC处理的DOC含量显著降低（p<0.05）.土壤DOM组分以类富里酸和类腐殖酸物质为主,RSD处理增加了类腐殖酸组分,而RSD+BC处理更有利于类富里酸物质的增加.RSD、BC及二者联合修复显著增强了土壤DOM的芳香化和腐殖化程度.结构方程模型分析表明,土壤pH对DOC含量和腐殖化指数（HIX_em）产生直接正效应,土壤氧化还原电位（E_h）对DOC含量具有直接负效应,pH亦可通过影响DOC含量间接影响微生物量碳（MBC）和荧光指数（FI）.     

小分子有机碳源对滴滴涕污染沉积物生物修复作用的基础研究

考察了辽河沉积物p,p'-DDT在无外加碳源和外加乳酸钠或丙酸钠情况下的缺氧生的降解行为，降解过程中体系的pH变化，并测定了p,p'-DDT的主要缺氧降解产物及其浓度变化，结果表现，p,p'-DDT的缺氧脱氯行为符合准一级反应动力学，无外加碳源，DDT的缺氧脱氯降解有近一个月的滞后期，降解速率为k（无碳源）＝0.0082d^-1，而外加碳源物质，大大缩短了DDT缺氧脱氯降解的滞后，降解速率分别为k(乳酸钠）＝0.0917d^-1,k(丙酸钠）＝0.1023d^-1，而且，p,p'-DDT的缺氧还原脱氯行为主要发生在体系中pH上升的阶段，p-p'-DDT缺氧生物降解的主要产物是p,p'-DDD，并有少量的p,p'-DDE产生；p,p'-DDD主要发生在体系中pH上升的阶段，p,p'-DDT缺氧生物降解的主要产物是p,p'-DDD，并有少量的p,p'-DDE产生，p,p'-DDD在后期有降解。     

A reactor system combining reductive dechloirnation with cometabolic oxidation for complete degradation of tetrachloroentylene

A laboratory sequential anaerobic aerobic bioreactor system, which consisted of an anaerobic fixed film reactor and two aerobic chemostats, was set up to degrade tetrachloroethylene (PCE) without accumulating highly toxic degradation intermediates. A soil enrichment culture, which could reductively dechlorinate 900μM (ca. 150 mg/L) of PCE stoichiometrically into cis-1,2-dichloroethylene ( cis-DCE), was attached to ceramic media in the anaerobic fixed film reactor. A phenol degrading strain, Alcaligenes sp. R5, which can efficiently degrade cis-DCE by co metabolic oxidation, was used as inoculum for the aerobic chemostats consisted of a transformation reactor and a growth reactor. The anaerobic fixed film bioreactor showed more than 99 % of PCE transformation into cis DCE in the range of influent PCE concentration from 5μM to 35μM at hydraulic retention time of 48h. On the other hand, efficient degradation of the resultant cis-DCE by strain R5 in the following aerobic system could not be achieved due to oxygen limitation. However, 54% of the maximum cis-DCE degradation was obtained when 10 μmol of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was supplemented to the transformation reactor as an additional oxygen source. Further studies are needed to achieve more efficient co metabolic degradation of cis DCE in the aerobic reactor.     

电气石负载聚氨酯泡沫作为生物载体强化2,4,6-三氯酚还原

2,4,6-三氯酚在环境中广泛分布,是典型的持久性有机污染物.脱卤呼吸菌能还原分解氯酚,使其毒性大大降低,继而被其他微生物氧化分解并矿化.然而脱卤呼吸菌在自然环境中丰度较低,代谢速率慢,对电子利用能力较差,因此传统的生物添加或生物激活等原位修复方法往往导致效能受限,可应用性差.本研究驯化富集了具有稳定厌氧还原脱氯2,4,6-三氯酚能力的混合菌群,在添加乙酸钠（5 mmol·L^-1）和氢气（10 mL）的情况下,在6 d内将2,4,6-三氯酚还原脱卤为4-氯酚.研究采用聚氨酯泡沫作为生物载体材料,在聚氨酯泡沫表面负载电气石,发现在无氢气额外添加的情况下,2,4,6-三氯酚的还原脱氯速率提高了6倍,且脱卤性能稳定.对强化后混菌的群落结构及潜在核心脱氯功能菌属进行分析,16S rRNA测序鉴定结果表明假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）在混合菌群中的占比超过90%,为体系中的核心脱氯功能菌.本研究为地下水中还原脱卤菌群的应用提供了理论技术.     

Potential and Limitations of Microbial Reductive Dechlorination for Bioremediation Applications

Current knowledge and recent advances in the area of microbial reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated organic compounds are summarized. Factors which may limit the efficacy of the dechlorination process for the in situ bioremediation of contaminated soil and sediment systems are identified. Results of recent studies on the anaerobic biotransformation of soil-sorbed chlorinated ethenes and sediment-sorbed chlorinated benzenes are provided to illustrate how low contaminant bioavailability may control the rate and extent of dechlorination in subsurface systems, especially those with long-term contamination. Use of nonionic, polysorbate surfactants as the sole electron donors of a mixed, methanogenic culture supported the microbial sequential reductive dechlorination of either free or sediment-bound hexachlorobenzene (HCB) to primarily 1,3-dichlorobenzene, but did not enhance the bioavailability of sediment-bound HCB as compared to microcosms, which used glucose. Because current knowledge on the interactions of dechlorinating populations with other microbial populations in the presence of alternative terminal electron acceptors (e.g., nitrate, Fe³⁺ , Mn⁴⁺) is limited, such interactions and their effect on the dechlorination process in subsurface systems need to be further explored to improve our understanding of the reductive dechlorination process in complex environmental systems and lead to the development of more efficient in situ bioremediation technologies and strategies.     

纳米双金属体系催化降解有机氯化物研究进展

综述了国内外在双金属体系催化降解氯代芳香烃及衍生物、氯代脂肪烃、有机氯农药等有机氯化物领域的研究情况,简要分析了纳米双金属体系的还原脱氯反应机理和优缺点,并讨论了该研究领域的发展前景。     

树脂D001负载纳米Pd/Fe双金属脱溴2,2＇,4,4＇-四溴联苯醚（BDE-47）的研究

采用大孔树脂D001交换吸附Pd2＋、Fe2＋并在厌氧条件下以硼氢化钠溶液还原吸附的钯铁离子制备成负载纳米Pd/Fe双金属树脂。利用该树脂对2,2＇,4,4＇-四溴联苯醚（BDE-47）进行脱溴反应,探讨了该法的可行性和特性。结果表明：当大孔树脂D001、氯化钯、硫酸亚铁用量分别为0.75 g、2μg和0.2 g时所制备的双金属树脂脱溴水-乙醇溶液中的BDE-47效果最佳,反应遵循准一级动力学,速率常数k约为0.161 d-1,半减期为1.21 d。负载Pd/Fe的D001连续3次脱溴反应都有较好的效果,水-乙醇溶液中超过90%以上的BDE-47在反应6 d后被降解。负载Pd/Fe双金属的树脂可以重复活化再生,但再生2次后其脱溴效率变差,反应6 d只有47.3%的BDE-47被降解。用气相色谱-质谱联用仪和离子色谱仪跟踪Pd/Fe双金属树脂脱溴BDE-47反应,可知产物包括溴离子、三溴联苯醚、二溴联苯醚、一溴联苯醚和联苯醚。