苏州河浮游植物群落结构特征

以正在生态恢复进行中的苏州河水体为研究对象，共设黄渡、华漕、北新泾、武宁路桥、长寿路桥和浙江路桥6个采样点，从2000年10月至2002年10月间按春、夏、秋、冬进行了9次采样，另外，在黄渡、华漕和武宁路桥于2002年的5月和6月增加了5次采样，对苏州河浮游植物群落的种类组成和数量特征进行了调查研究，结果表明：苏州河浮游植物的平均个体数达到了 4.7×10⁶ ind/L，细胞密度平均值为 10.2×10⁶ ind/L，生物量均值为 5.73 mg/L。苏州河浮游植物群落结构的定性和定量组分表达均显示绿藻优势，其密度和生物量分别为 5.774 ind/μL 和 2.159 mg/L；属数、种数和生物量结构以硅藻次之。生物量、个体数与细胞数的Shannon Weaver指数均值分别为3.05、3.22和3.28；生物量、个体数与细胞数的Pielou均匀度指数均值则分别为0.73、0.76和0.77，Margalef和Simposon指数均值分别为1.59和0.84.     

PCR-DGGE技术解析A~2/O工艺好氧单元中微生物群落结构

应用PCR-DGGE方法,追踪了汉沽工业废水处理中好氧工艺的活性污泥系统中微生物群落结构动态变化过程及其微生物群落结构组成。研究结果表明：系统中的微生物群落结构随水质变化而变化,随着培养时间的延长,微生物群落结构趋于稳定,分别属于5大类群,与γ、δ、α、ε变形杆菌（Proteobacterias）、芽孢杆菌（Bacilli）的亲缘关系较近。其中γ变形杆菌是该废水处理过程中的主要菌群,包括Pseudomonas sp.、Rheinheimera sp.、Citrobacter sp.、Klebsiella sp.、Enterbacte-riaceae、Stenotrophomonas maltophilia、Acinetobacter。在整个系统中uncultured Pseudomonas sp.、Halobacillus sp.、Pseudomonassp.、Pseudomonas stutzeri、Acinetobacter sp.可稳定存在于系统中,为该污水处理系统中的优势微生物。因此,提高Halobacillussp.、Pseudomonas sp.、Pseudomonas stutzeri、Acinetobacter sp.菌属在系统中的数量和质量,有利于提高废水生化处理的效果。     

超声波-缺氧／好氧污泥消化反应器中氨氧化细菌群落结构的演变

为了揭示超声波-缺氧／好氧污泥消化反应器中氨氧化细菌群落结构多样性的演变过程，采用变性梯度凝胶技术（PCR—DGGE）研究不同运行时期氨氧化细菌群落结构的变化。DGGE分析表明，反应器中氨氧化细菌群落比较丰富。在反应器运行的不同时期，氨氧化细菌的群落结构发生了一定的变化，反映了种群的动态演变。UPGMA聚类分析将DGGE图谱分为3大类群并对应于各自的运行时期。测序结果表明，反应器中的优势种群属于变形菌门（Proteobacteria），包括α-proteobacteria，β-proteobacteria，γ-proteobacteria和ε-proteobacteria4个纲，其中β-proteobacteria占45％，γ-proteobacteria占40％。在始终保持明显优势地位的种属中，5株为反硝化细菌，它们对提高反应器脱氮效率具有重要作用。     

抗生素菌渣堆肥进程中微生物群落的变化

将青霉素菌渣、林可霉素菌渣与牛粪等原料分别进行好氧堆肥实验，以考察堆肥过程中不同菌渣对微生物群落的影响。在堆制的41d里，根据温度变化分阶段采集堆肥样品，采用稀释倒平板法测定细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量。结果表明，菌渣不同，其堆肥中的微生物群落变化趋势不同。青霉素菌渣堆肥中细菌数量变化趋势为高一低，真菌数量变化趋势为高一低．高，放线菌数量为逐渐增加；林可霉素菌渣堆肥过程中细菌数量变化趋势为低一高一低，放线菌和真菌数量变化趋势为高．低．高。依据真菌菌落形态观察，菌渣堆肥中的真菌种类比对照牛粪堆肥单一，表明两种菌渣对堆肥中的微生物多样性均产生了不利影响。林可霉素菌渣堆肥初始时的细菌数量比对照低1个数量级，放线菌数量在整个堆肥进程中都明显低于对照，堆肥结束时，随着菌渣含量的增加，放线菌数量逐渐下降，高温期真菌数量下降幅度随着菌渣含量增加而加大，表明林可霉素菌渣对细菌、放线菌和真菌均有不同程度的抑制。堆肥化后菌渣中林可霉素残留量的减少表明，在一定条件下堆肥处理可以将抗生素菌渣无害化和资源化。     

聚合酶链反应—变性梯度凝胶电泳技术研究梯田式人工湿地微生物群落动态变化

采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)—变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术对梯田式人工湿地(TTCW)和复合垂直流式人工湿地(IVCW)生活污水处理系统内的微生物群落结构的动态变化及其对生活污水处理效果的影响进行了对比研究。结果表明:(1)TTCW和IVCW对生活污水均具有较好处理效果,其COD去除率平均分别为76.2%和72.6%、TP去除率平均分别为90.7%和85.6%、NH4+-N去除率平均分别为65.2%和58.8%;TTCW增氧作用明显。(2)2种人工湿地内均存在丰富的微生物群落,并均存在共有的微生物种群;在湿地沿程不同位置均存在一定数量的优势种群。(3)TTCW强化了大气复氧能力,使得湿地内DO较相同深度的IVCW的高。TTCW具有较强的污染物去除能力,特别是具有高效的脱氮除磷能力。这种能力可能主要是TTCW中微生物群落结构的变化所致。     

Effects of Pond Draining on Biodiversity and Water Quality of Farm Ponds

Farm ponds have high conservation value because they contribute significantly to regional biodiversity and ecosystem services. In Japan pond draining is a traditional management method that is widely believed to improve water quality and eradicate invasive fish. In addition, fishing by means of pond draining has significant cultural value for local people, serving as a social event. However, there is a widespread belief that pond draining reduces freshwater biodiversity through the extirpation of aquatic animals, but scientific evaluation of the effectiveness of pond draining is lacking. We conducted a large‐scale field study to evaluate the effects of pond draining on invasive animal control, water quality, and aquatic biodiversity relative to different pond‐management practices, pond physicochemistry, and surrounding land use. The results of boosted regression‐tree models and analyses of similarity showed that pond draining had little effect on invasive fish control, water quality, or aquatic biodiversity. Draining even facilitated the colonization of farm ponds by invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), which in turn may have detrimental effects on the biodiversity and water quality of farm ponds. Our results highlight the need for reconsidering current pond management and developing management plans with respect to multifunctionality of such ponds. Efectos del Drenado de Estanques sobre la Biodiversidad y la Calidad del Agua en Estanques de Cultivo     

不同菌剂处理下猪粪和牛粪堆肥前期性质变化

以猪粪和牛粪为堆肥原料,设计了人工接种MixF-3菌剂堆肥、添加灭活菌剂堆肥和自然堆肥3个处理进行堆肥前期实验,探讨堆肥9d过程中温度、水分、有机碳、全氮和微生物量碳等参数的变化。结果表明,按1L/t接种MixF-3混合菌剂堆肥温度升温快,猪粪堆肥第48h和第84h时温度分别达到66℃和71.5℃,牛粪堆肥第48h时温度达69℃,明显高于灭活菌剂处理组和CK对照组。随着堆肥的进行,各处理组水分含量缓慢下降,牛粪比猪粪含水量略高。人工接种菌剂的猪粪和牛粪堆肥处理组中pH变化幅度小,有机碳碳含量的下降幅度比灭活组和自然堆肥组大,分别下降15.64%和11.25%,全氮含量缓慢升高但变化不大,人工接种牛粪比猪粪处理组中堆肥全氮含量升幅高;在猪粪和牛粪堆肥中人工接种菌剂微生物量碳降幅最小,分别为9537μg/g和3212μg/g,表明在猪粪和牛粪堆肥原料中添加MixF-3复合菌剂有利于微生物繁殖生长,同时拓宽了菌剂使用的单一性,更具有普遍性意义。     

Testing Hypotheses of Bird Extinctions at Rio Palenque,Ecuador, with Informal Species Lists

Abstract: Informally gathered species lists are a potential source of data for conservation biology, but most remain unused because of questions of reliability and statistical issues. We applied two alternative analytical methods (contingency tests and occupancy modeling) to a 35‐year data set (1973–2007) to test hypotheses about local bird extinction. We compiled data from bird lists collected by expert amateurs and professional scientists in a 2‐km² fragment of lowland tropical forest in coastal Ecuador. We tested the effects of the following on local extinction: trophic level, sociality, foraging specialization, light tolerance, geographical range area, and biogeographic source. First we assessed extinction on the basis of the number of years in which a species was not detected on the site and used contingency tests with each factor to compare the frequency of expected and observed extinction events among different species categories. Then we defined four multiyear periods that reflected different stages of deforestation and isolation of the study site and used occupancy modeling to test extinction hypotheses singly and in combination. Both types of analyses supported the biogeographic source hypothesis and the species‐range hypothesis as causes of extinction; however, occupancy modeling indicated the model incorporating all factors except foraging specialization best fit the data.     

微生物降解拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的研究进展

随着拟除虫菊酯类农药使用量不断增加,产生的农药残留问题对生态环境和人类健康造成了危害.对降解拟除虫菊酯类农药的微生物种类、降解酶和降解机制及降解酶基因克隆和构建工程菌等方面进行综述,旨在为研究和开发微生物降解拟除虫菊酯类农药残留提供参考.