Variable Source Area Hydrology Modeling with the Water Erosion Prediction Project Model

In nondegraded watersheds of humid climates, subsurface flow patterns determine where the soil saturates and where surface runoff is occurring. Most models necessarily use infiltration‐excess (i.e., Hortonian) runoff for predicting runoff and associated constituents because subsurface flow algorithms are not included in the model. In this article, we modify the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to simulate subsurface flow correctly and to predict the spatial and temporal location of saturation, the associated lateral flow and surface runoff, and the location where the water can re‐infiltrate. The modified model, called WEPP‐UI, correctly simulated the hillslope drainage data from the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory hillslope plot. We applied WEPP‐UI to convex, concave, and S‐shaped hillslope profiles, and found that multiple overland flow elements are needed to simulate distributed lateral flow and runoff well. Concave slopes had the greatest runoff, while convex slopes had the least. Our findings concur with observations in watersheds with saturation‐excess overland flow that most surface runoff is generated on lower concave slopes, whereas on convex slopes runoff infiltrates before reaching the stream. Since the WEPP model is capable of simulating both saturation‐excess and infiltration‐excess runoff, we expect that this model will be a powerful tool in the future for managing water quality.     

GIS‐Based Predictive Models of Hillslope Runoff Generation Processes1

Abstract: Successful nonpoint source pollution control using best management practice placement is a complex process that requires in‐depth knowledge of the locations of runoff source areas in a watershed. Currently, very few simulation tools are capable of identifying critical runoff source areas on hillslopes and those available are not directly applicable under all runoff conditions. In this paper, a comparison of two geographic information system (GIS)‐based approaches: a topographic index model and a likelihood indicator model is presented, in predicting likely locations of saturation excess and infiltration excess runoff source areas in a hillslope of the Savoy Experimental Watershed located in northwest Arkansas. Based on intensive data collected from a two‐year field study, the spatial distributions of hydrologic variables were processed using GIS software to develop the models. The likelihood indicator model was used to produce probability surfaces that indicated the likelihood of location of both saturation and infiltration excess runoff mechanisms on the hillslope. Overall accuracies of the likelihood indicator model predictions varied between 81 and 87% for the infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff locations respectively. On the basis of accuracy of prediction, the likelihood indicator models were found to be superior (accuracy 81‐87%) to the predications made by the topographic index model (accuracy 69.5%). By combining statistics with GIS, runoff source areas on a hillslope can be identified by incorporating easily determined hydrologic measurements (such as bulk density, porosity, slope, depth to bed rock, depth to water table) and could serve as a watershed management tool for identifying critical runoff source areas in locations where the topographic index or other similar methods do not provide reliable results.     

长期定位施肥对土壤的碳氮共济效应情景分析

碳氮共济的概念体现了二者间共同依赖、共同转化、共同协作的关系,将土壤碳和氮均作为改善土壤质量的主动因素,这一概念有别于其它碳氮关系论述时只考虑元素间的被动耦合机制。土壤碳和氮之间存在着相互依存和相互制约的关系,土壤碳、氮在数量上和结构上需要处于什么样的状态才能够实现土壤碳氮的共济关系,土壤碳对氮有多大的承载能力等是值得探讨的问题。文章利用我国长期定位试验中的土壤碳氮数据,分析土壤的碳氮质量分数变化特征、施肥对土壤w（C）/w（N）比的影响、土壤碳对氮素的储存能力、碳氮共济关系及其情景分析,以便为充分挖掘土壤碳氮的生物学潜力、提高土壤生产力、改善环境和实现碳氮的良性循环提供依据。通过检索文献数据库,选取了69篇记载有土壤碳氮数据的有代表性的文章,获得土壤碳氮数据1782项。分析结果表明：土壤碳氮关系可以用yC＝7.66xN＋1.8162（r2＝0.734＊＊, n=737）表达,土壤平均全氮质量分数为1.17 g·kg-1,变化范围在0.08~3.52 g·kg-1之间,土壤平均有机碳质量分数为10.8 g·kg-1,变化范围在0.64~32.08 g·kg-1之间;土壤w（C）/w（N）比集中在7.6~10.7之间,占总样本的80%左右,有机无机配施有利于提高土壤的w（C）/w（N）比,单施化肥,特别是偏施某一种化肥时,将显著降低土壤的w（C）/w（N）比;在土壤氮素储存率为N 20 kg·hm-2·a-1,目标w（C）/w（N）比为9、10、11的情景下,目前已经处于碳饱和的土壤分别占：52.7%、72.1%、87.5%;储存率为N 50 kg·hm-2·a-1的情景下分别占：58.2%、78.2%、91.4%;储存率为N 100 kg·hm-2·a-1的情景下分别占68.7%、87.6%、95.8%。土壤碳氮质量分数变异很大,总体碳氮比稳定在7.66左右,偏施化肥将显著降低土壤的w（C）/w（N）比,较低的土壤w（C）/w（N）比和较高的氮素储     

自然及强制饱和煤样的力学特征试验研究

为探讨不同饱水状态下煤的力学变化特征,利用RMT-150B岩石力学系统并自行设计及研制煤样饱和试验装置,对自然饱和与强制饱和的煤样进行单轴、三轴压缩静载试验。结果表明:煤样强制饱和前后波速变化明显,强制吸水后波速增加51.75%;强制饱和煤样单轴抗压强度比自然饱和煤样平均降低了7.61MPa,降幅54.83%;三轴压缩时不同围压下强制饱和煤样峰值强度平均降低了19.5MPa,降幅31.18%;强制饱和煤样吸水量较自然饱和煤样大,K值降低。基于Mohr-Coulomb准则及有效应力原理,推导出孔隙水压与黏聚力、抗压强度呈负相关,表明强制饱和煤样的黏聚力与抗压强度均低于自然饱和煤样,并与试验结果对比验证。     

尾矿坝浸润线时空混沌及其安全机理

在单向耦合映象格子模型基础上,考虑尾矿坝坡角因素,建立了浸润线耦合映象格子模型vn 1(i)=(1-ε)f(vn(i)) ε(1 sinθ)f(vn(i-1)).根据浸润线的初值条件和边界条件,对该模型进行了非线性动力学分析.结果表明,浸润线演化存在复杂时空混沌行为,可分为随机图样流、选择图样流、缺陷传播行为及完全发展湍流4种.非线性强度α和耦合强度ε的取值范围较小, 且ε较小时就可以得到非常丰富的动力学图案.浸润线演化受坡角影响比较明显,坡角越大越容易出现混沌状态.浸润线的各种时空行为反映了其相应的客观状态,从而揭示了浸润线的安全机理.浸润线耦合映象格子模型也可以用来解释其他各类边坡的复杂渗流现象.     

Detection of metallothionein in the intestinal mucosa and brain with 109cadmium∗

Metallothionein (MT) has a great capacity of binding metal ions showing an interesting connection with metal toxicology, as a biochemical marker for environmental metal pollution.

To normal male Wistar rats (200±10 g) and other groups with ferropenic anemia, are administered 1 mg Cd/Kg/day, during 6 days, and MT labelled with the administration 2 h before sacrifice of 3 μCi ¹⁰⁹CdCl₂, also through intragastric catheter. The MT concentration in the intestinal mucosa is expressed in μg MT/g fresh tissue, being for control rats 1.4 ± 0.5; for rats administered with 6 doses of Cd 2.5 ± 0.6 (P<0.05); with ferropenic anemia 4.3±0.7 (P<0.001), and for anemic rats treated with 6 doses Cd 12 + 0,3 (P<0.001) μg MT/g fresh tissue respectively. PAGE 15% T, 2% C_Bis show for intestinal mucosa 2 MT peaks and for brain 3 MT peaks. Anemia induce MT accumulation and increases cadmium incorporation, being anemic subjects eligibles to be submitted first to control and detoxication than the rest of the population, and also MT should be studied as biochemical marker of the pollution.     

北京六湖泊表层底泥磷吸附容量及潜在释放风险

利用沉积物磷吸附指数(PSI)和磷吸附饱和度(DPS)研究了北京前海(QH)、青年湖(QNH)、昆明湖(KMH)、紫竹院湖(ZZYH)、陶然亭湖(TRTH)、红领巾湖(HLJH)表层沉积物的磷吸附容量,分析了沉积物中磷的吸附饱和度(DPS)与其他指标的相关关系,并讨论了不同城市湖泊沉积物中磷的潜在释放风险.结果表明:6湖沉积物的PSI为14.9~83.3 (mg×L)/(100g·μmol),平均值为34.6 (mg×L)/(100g·μmol);DPS为7.97 %~50.5 %,平均值28.9 %,PSI与DPS显著负相关.PSI与草酸铵提取的磷、铝(Pox,Alox)含量均为显著负相关,草酸铵提取的铁(Feox)是影响PSI的主导因素.DPS与沉积物中草酸铵提取的磷(Pox)含量显著正相关,主要受沉积物中原有吸附态磷的影响.此外,磷释放风险指数(ERI)计算结果表明QH、QNH、ZZYH、TRTH中的表层沉积物磷潜在释放诱发富营养化的风险均为高度风险.     

集约化蔬菜地土壤磷素累积特征及流失风险

以南京市郊集约化蔬菜长期种植基地为对象,采集蔬菜种植年限分别为3~5、15~20、25~30 a的土壤,测定土壤全磷(TP)、速效磷(Olsen-P)、水溶性磷(CaCl2-P)、生物有效磷(NaOH-P)的含量,并对0—20 cm土层磷素吸附特性进行分析,通过研究土壤磷吸附饱和度(DPS)、最大缓冲容量(MBC)来对土壤磷素流失风险进行评估。结果表明,在0—20 cm土层,除NaOH-P外,其余各形态磷(TP、Olsen-P、CaCl2-P)都随种植年限延长呈增加趋势。不同种植年限土壤TP、Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、NaOH-P主要积累在0—20 cm土层,且随着土层深度的增加土壤磷的累积量逐渐降低。DPS随种植年限延长而升高,种植年限25~30 a的菜地0—5 cm土层DPS超过土壤磷素流失环境敏感指标临界值(25%),其MBC也最低,表明随着蔬菜种植年限的延长土壤磷素流失风险加剧,且流失风险主要体现在0—5 cm土层。     

流沙湾海域表观耗氧量和营养盐相关性分析

根据2008年2～11月对流沙湾海域4个航次的溶解氧和营养盐含量的调查数据,分析了表层海水中表观耗氧量的时空分布,并探讨它与营养盐之间的相互关系。结果表明：流沙湾冬春季海域表观耗氧量较大,而夏秋季表观产氧量较大;夏秋季大部分站位海水的溶解氧处于过饱和状态,其中秋季溶解氧的平均饱和率最高;表观耗氧量与溶解氧和溶解氧饱和率都呈现显著负相关,溶解氧和溶解氧饱和率呈显著正相关;表观耗氧量和营养盐根据不同的季节具有一定的相关性。流沙湾海域△CN／△CAOU,的比率为1：41．0,△Cp／ACAOU,的比率为1：588和1：303,均低于Redfield的理论比值。