Analysis of a gas-phase partitioning tracer test conducted in an unsaturated fractured-clay formation

The gas-phase partitioning tracer method was used to estimate non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL), water, and air saturations in the vadose zone at a chlorinated-solvent contaminated field site in Tucson, AZ. The tracer test was conducted in a fractured-clay system that is the confining layer for the underlying regional aquifer. Three suites of three tracers were injected into wells located 14, 24, and 24 m from a single, central extraction well. The tracers comprised noble gases (traditionally thought to be nonsorbing), alkanes (primarily water partitioning), perfluorides (primarily NAPL partitioning), and halons (both NAPL and water partitioning). Observations of vacuum response were consistent with flow in a fractured system. The halon tracers exhibited the greatest amount of retardation, and helium and the perfluoride tracers the least. The alkane tracers were unexpectedly more retarded than the perfluoride tracers, indicating low NAPL saturations and high water saturations. An NAPL saturation of 0.01, water saturation of 0.215, and gas saturation of 0.775 was estimated based on analysis of the suite of tracers comprising helium, perfluoromethylcyclohexane and dibromodifluoromethane, which was considered to be the most robust set. The estimated saturations compare reasonably well to independently determined values.     

氮素在包气带与饱水层迁移转化的实验研究

为研究浑河流域沈阳城区段岩土中氮污染物形态的区域特征,从模拟污染来源、污染途径和污染介质的差异着手,通过2个土柱的动态实验,观察含氨氮污水在经过地下包气带与饱水层时的不同转化过程. 依据研究区域水文地球环境化学特征,动态实验过程的监测指标包括氨氮,硝酸盐氮,亚硝酸盐氮,总铁,锰离子,高锰酸盐指数,pH,E_h值和ρ(DO)等. 结果表明:在土柱Ⅰ包气带通气性良好的环境中,硝酸盐氮是污染地下水的氮素主要存在形态;在土柱Ⅱ饱水岩层缺氧的还原性环境中,氨氮是污染地下水氮素的主要存在形态;区域水文地球化学场及其岩层的岩性决定了氮的存在形态.      

pH对磷酸铵镁结晶介稳区、诱导期和反应速率的影响

以p H为控制参数,利用自组装激光测量装置测定了4、20、30和40℃时,磷酸铵镁在水溶液中的溶解度、超饱和度和介稳区宽度等基础数据,分析了不同温度和p H下磷酸铵镁结晶介稳区的变化规律,考察了p H对磷酸铵镁结晶诱导期和结晶反应速率的影响。结果表明,提高溶液的p H,可降低磷酸铵镁在水溶液中的溶解度和超饱和度,但同时磷酸铵镁结晶介稳区宽度有所增加;磷酸铵镁的溶解度和超饱和度随温度的升高呈现上升的趋势,而磷酸铵镁的结晶介稳区宽度则随温度的升高而变窄,提高溶液中MAP的物质浓度也会压缩结晶介稳区宽度;随着溶液p H的升高,磷酸铵镁的结晶诱导期逐渐缩短,同时其结晶反应速率也有明显的提升。在磷酸铵镁结晶除磷过程中,可以通过控制p H来优化反应工艺条件,促进磷酸铵镁结晶反应的进行。     

森林生态系统对大气氮沉降降低的响应

大气氮沉降是全球变化的重要影响因素之一,而过量氮沉降导致森林出现氮饱和,引起土壤酸化、硝酸根淋溶、氧化亚氮排放增加、植物物种多样性和植被生产力下降.在欧洲、北美和我国大气氮沉降降低的背景下,总结森林生态系统对氮输入降低的响应,不仅能够完善氮沉降对森林生态系统影响的知识体系,也能评估各国已开展的减排行动的成效,为我国制定进一步的减排政策提供科学依据.回顾了欧洲和北美的温带森林以及我国亚热带森林的土壤、地表水、氮循环和植被对大气含氮污染气体和氮沉降降低的响应.土壤溶液中硝酸根浓度对氮沉降的减少响应迅速,但具体响应规律未出现统一趋势.土壤酸化和氮循环过程从高氮沉降中的恢复过程出现滞后现象.森林氮矿化和固持、土壤碳储量和净初级生产力可能需要几十年的时间对氮沉降的减少作出响应.相对而言,虽然有一两年的延迟,土壤无机氮库和氮淋溶量会随着氮沉降的下降而下降.地表水氮浓度与森林生态系统氮状态密切相关.当氮沉降降低时,在历史高氮沉降地区,森林生态系统的氮淋溶下降,因此地表水氮浓度的响应较明显.而在氮缺乏的森林中,普遍较低的地表水氮浓度受到氮沉降变化的影响不显著.地表水酸化的恢复受到土壤硫解吸-矿化和硝化...     

水稻土对磷的吸持能力及环境风险研究

以湖南Cd污染区水稻土为供试土壤,研究了土壤活性Al(Al_(ox))、活性Fe(Fe_(ox))、磷吸持指数(PSI)、吸持饱和度(DPSS)和释放风险指数(ERI)及其相关性关系.结果表明:供试水稻土中Al_(ox)和Fe_(ox)含量变异性较大,分别为55.67~1495.90 mg·kg~(-1)和1.50~13.63 g·kg~(-1),但有效磷含量变化幅度不大.水稻土吸持磷能力较弱,全部样品中PSI均低于30,但水稻土磷的吸持饱和度较低,85%的土壤样品DPSS低于磷淋失临界值(15%),且磷释放失风险(ERI)较小.水稻土中Al_(ox)含量和Fe_(ox)含量与PSI存在显著正相关关系(p0.05),而与DPSS之间表现为显著负相关关系(p0.01),DPSS和PSI呈现为显著负相关关系(p0.01).     

模拟氮沉降对森林土壤有机物淋溶的影响

在重庆铁山坪马尾松林内施加与大气氮沉降量相当的硝酸铵(NH4NO3)和硝酸钠(NaNO3),研究氮沉降加倍对土壤溶液可溶性有机物浓度的影响,分析氮沉降对森林土壤碳库的潜在作用.2005年起为期5a的现场观测表明,施氮后凋落物层土壤溶液的可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度和通量在起初2a内与对照样区相比有明显升高,但之后反而降低.施氮还会降低凋落物层土壤溶液的DOC与DON(可溶性有机氮)比值,以及矿质土壤上层的DOC浓度,但对矿质土壤下层的DOC淋溶通量几乎没有影响.总体来看,在试验期内氮沉降对土壤碳库无显著影响,但土壤有机物可能有从富碳有机物向富氮有机物转化的趋势,氮沉降的成分(NH4+和NO3-)对土壤有机物的影响则没有明显差异.     

气-水两相砂介质中饱和度-毛细压力关系与水位波动之间的响应

利用时域反射仪（TDR）与微型张力计（T5）联用装置,测定气-水两相砂介质中因水位波动产生的连续干燥与湿润循环过程中饱和度-毛细压力（S-p）关系曲线.同时,研究了多重水位波动对S-p关系曲线、孔隙流体运移的滞后性及空气剩余饱和度的作用.结果表明,TDR、T5和数据自动采集器联用装置可较准确测量出气-水两相条件下S-p关系的动态变化.同一介质中不同干燥过程的侵入压值比较接近,与干燥过程的初始水饱和度无关;而干燥或湿润过程的S-p关系曲线和滞后程度则与其初始水饱和度密切相关.在特定的干燥和湿润循环过程中,初始水饱和度大小对空气剩余饱和度的值影响不大,用于预测非湿润相流体剩余饱和度的Land的假设需要修正.本研究结果对进一步研究水位波动条件下地下有机污染物运移具有借鉴作用,可为修正NAPL Simulator 提供实验依据.     

女贞秋季光合特性研究

采用Li-6400型便携式光合作用测定系统测定了女贞的光合特性.结果表明,女贞叶片净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,存在光合“午休”现象;最高峰出现在10：00时左右,次高峰出现在13：00时,日最大净光合速率为10.8umol/m2·s.植物的净光合速率（Pn）与气孔导度（Cond）及蒸腾速率（Tr）呈正相关,而与胞间CO2浓度（Ci）呈负相关.女贞的光补偿点为为8.806umol/m2·s,光饱和点为1499μmol/m2·s,是具有一定耐荫能力的植物.     

小兴凯湖表层底泥磷吸附容量及潜在释放风险

利用沉积物磷吸附指数(PSI)和磷吸附饱和度(DPS)研究了小兴凯湖表层沉积物的磷吸附容量,分析了沉积物中磷的吸附饱和度(DPS)与其他指标的相关关系,并讨论了不同采样点湖泊沉积物中磷的潜在释放风险.结果表明:13个采样点的表层沉积物的PSI为9.78~197.53(mg?L)/(100g?μmol),平均值为59.77(mg?L)/(100g?μmol);DPS为9.95%~24.47%,平均值为15.41%.PSI与草酸铵提取的磷(Pox)极显著正相关,与草酸铵提取的铁、铝(Feox,Alox)显著正相关,草酸铵提取的铁是影响PSI的主导因素;DPS主要受沉积物中原有吸附态磷的影响.此外,磷释放风险指数(ERI)8.99%~129.94%的计算结果表明:小兴凯湖表层沉积物中磷释放诱发富营养化的风险处于高度风险范围,其中,受农业面源污染影响较大的北岸区域相比其他区域发生富营养化的风险更高.     

Photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy for conducting gas tracer tests and measuring water saturations in landfills

Gas tracer tests can be used to determine gas flow patterns within landfills, quantify volatile contaminant residence time, and measure water within refuse. While gas chromatography (GC) has been traditionally used to analyze gas tracers in refuse, photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) might allow real-time measurements with reduced personnel costs and greater mobility and ease of use. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of PAS for conducting gas tracer tests in landfills. Two tracer gases, difluoromethane (DFM) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), were measured with a commercial PAS instrument. Relative measurement errors were invariant with tracer concentration but influenced by background gas: errors were 1-3% in landfill gas but 4-5% in air. Two partitioning gas tracer tests were conducted in an aerobic landfill, and limits of detection (LODs) were 3-4 times larger for DFM with PAS versus GC due to temporal changes in background signals. While higher LODs can be compensated by injecting larger tracer mass, changes in background signals increased the uncertainty in measured water saturations by up to 25% over comparable GC methods. PAS has distinct advantages over GC with respect to personnel costs and ease of use, although for field applications GC analyses of select samples are recommended to quantify instrument interferences.