石灰石对粉煤灰堆放场灰水及赤泥废水中氟离子吸附能力试验

利用石灰石对某粉煤灰堆放场灰水及某铝厂赤泥废水中的氟离子进行模拟吸附试验.分别从石灰石对氟离子的吸附量、F-浓度、pH及总硬度四个方面,分析石灰石对可溶性氟的吸附能力.结果表明,石灰石对中性水质中可溶性氟有较强吸附能力,而对强碱性水质中的可溶性氟的吸附能力微弱.这一结论可为地下水氛污染防治提供理论基础.     

Variation in groundwater composition and decalcification depth in a dune slack: effects on basiphilous vegetation

Basiphilous, open, species-rich vegetation types of young dune slacks have declined throughout Europe in recent years, and have largely been replaced by often acidophilous, tall marsh and scrub vegetation. This succession appears to be accelerated by a decrease in the discharge of calcareous groundwater from sandy ridges or small dune hummocks. The present study deals with spatial and temporal variation in the chemical composition of the groundwater in the upper metres of the soil of a degraded dune slack complex on the Dutch barrier island of Schiermonnikoog, with emphasis on (1) groundwater composition, (2) water level and (3) decalcification patterns. The main aim was to assess perspectives for restoring basiphilous vegetation types which had been abundant in this slack from 1954 to 1977. The depth of decalcification was related to former hydrological conditions along a transect of 200 m. Acidifying effects of rainfall were reflected in the chemical composition of the groundwater below small dune hummocks within the slack. Distinct precipitation water lenses, poor in dissolved ions, were formed under the dune hummocks during a wet period. This microtopography did not contribute to the discharge of calcareous groundwater to lowlying parts of the slack. Here, groundwater showed decreasing concentrations of the dissolved ions after a rain shower. Except for the peripheral sections of the slack—where upward seepage of groundwater (exfiltration)still occurs—infiltration conditions are now dominant in the slack. The consequences of the present hydrological conditions for restoration are briefly discussed.     

长期土壤酸化模型(LTSAM)

以碱总量守恒为基础，以Ｕｌｒｉｃｈ缓冲范围为模型主要框架建立了兼能描述酸性与石灰性土壤长期酸化反应过程的动态模型．经与ＳＭＡＲＴ模型在理论设计和模拟结果两方面作对比之后，又利用新建模型以北京地区典型褐土为例进行了硫沉降与酸（Ｈ＋）沉降的对比计算．结果表明：（１）ＬＴＳＡＭ模型能够很好地反映土壤缓冲酸的主要机制．（２）模式运行即稳定又省时．（３）大气硫沉降不同于酸沉降．也就是说，硫沉降改变时，阳离子（尤其是主要离子）沉降量的变化应当加以考虑．     

尾矿坝浸润线时空混沌及其安全机理

在单向耦合映象格子模型基础上,考虑尾矿坝坡角因素,建立了浸润线耦合映象格子模型vn 1(i)=(1-ε)f(vn(i)) ε(1 sinθ)f(vn(i-1)).根据浸润线的初值条件和边界条件,对该模型进行了非线性动力学分析.结果表明,浸润线演化存在复杂时空混沌行为,可分为随机图样流、选择图样流、缺陷传播行为及完全发展湍流4种.非线性强度α和耦合强度ε的取值范围较小, 且ε较小时就可以得到非常丰富的动力学图案.浸润线演化受坡角影响比较明显,坡角越大越容易出现混沌状态.浸润线的各种时空行为反映了其相应的客观状态,从而揭示了浸润线的安全机理.浸润线耦合映象格子模型也可以用来解释其他各类边坡的复杂渗流现象.     

Critical Loads of Acidity for Forest Soils: Tentative Modifications

We reviewed the current methods for calculatingcritical loads of acidity for forest soils. The consequencesof four sets of assumptions concerning the soil modelstructure, parameter values and the critical loads criterionwere explored by comparing the values of the averageaccumulated exceedance (AAE) calculated for Finland withdeposition values for the year 1995. The AAE index is given inthe unit of deposition and is a measure of how far a region isfrom being protected in terms of fulfilling a certaincriterion, taking into account the size of the ecosystem areas.Using a critical limit for the molar ratio of theconcentrations of base cations to aluminium in soil solutiongave the lowest average accumulated exceedance. Assumingorgano-aluminium complexes and leaching of organic anions gaveAAE = 4 eq ha^-1 a^-1, which was close to the valueobtained with the standard approach used in Finland, assuminggibbsite equilibrium and no leaching of organic anions,yielding AAE = 5 eq ha^-1 a^-1. With a critical basesaturation limit, instead of the concentrations criterion, theAAE index was 17 eq ha^-1 a^-1. The highest averageaccumulated exceedance (AAE = 25 eq ha^-1 a^-1),corresponding to the lowest critical load, was obtained whenthe effects-based criterion (critical concentration or criticalbase saturation) was substituted with one restricting thedeterioration of the neutralizing capacity of the soil, ANC _le(crit) = 0. These tests illustrate the variabilityof the critical load values for acidity that can be introducedby changing the criterion or by varying the calculation method,without, however, representing the extreme values of criticalloads that could be derived.     

北京六湖泊表层底泥磷吸附容量及潜在释放风险

利用沉积物磷吸附指数(PSI)和磷吸附饱和度(DPS)研究了北京前海(QH)、青年湖(QNH)、昆明湖(KMH)、紫竹院湖(ZZYH)、陶然亭湖(TRTH)、红领巾湖(HLJH)表层沉积物的磷吸附容量,分析了沉积物中磷的吸附饱和度(DPS)与其他指标的相关关系,并讨论了不同城市湖泊沉积物中磷的潜在释放风险.结果表明:6湖沉积物的PSI为14.9~83.3 (mg×L)/(100g·μmol),平均值为34.6 (mg×L)/(100g·μmol);DPS为7.97 %~50.5 %,平均值28.9 %,PSI与DPS显著负相关.PSI与草酸铵提取的磷、铝(Pox,Alox)含量均为显著负相关,草酸铵提取的铁(Feox)是影响PSI的主导因素.DPS与沉积物中草酸铵提取的磷(Pox)含量显著正相关,主要受沉积物中原有吸附态磷的影响.此外,磷释放风险指数(ERI)计算结果表明QH、QNH、ZZYH、TRTH中的表层沉积物磷潜在释放诱发富营养化的风险均为高度风险.     

长期定位施肥对土壤的碳氮共济效应情景分析

碳氮共济的概念体现了二者间共同依赖、共同转化、共同协作的关系,将土壤碳和氮均作为改善土壤质量的主动因素,这一概念有别于其它碳氮关系论述时只考虑元素间的被动耦合机制。土壤碳和氮之间存在着相互依存和相互制约的关系,土壤碳、氮在数量上和结构上需要处于什么样的状态才能够实现土壤碳氮的共济关系,土壤碳对氮有多大的承载能力等是值得探讨的问题。文章利用我国长期定位试验中的土壤碳氮数据,分析土壤的碳氮质量分数变化特征、施肥对土壤w（C）/w（N）比的影响、土壤碳对氮素的储存能力、碳氮共济关系及其情景分析,以便为充分挖掘土壤碳氮的生物学潜力、提高土壤生产力、改善环境和实现碳氮的良性循环提供依据。通过检索文献数据库,选取了69篇记载有土壤碳氮数据的有代表性的文章,获得土壤碳氮数据1782项。分析结果表明：土壤碳氮关系可以用yC＝7.66xN＋1.8162（r2＝0.734＊＊, n=737）表达,土壤平均全氮质量分数为1.17 g·kg-1,变化范围在0.08~3.52 g·kg-1之间,土壤平均有机碳质量分数为10.8 g·kg-1,变化范围在0.64~32.08 g·kg-1之间;土壤w（C）/w（N）比集中在7.6~10.7之间,占总样本的80%左右,有机无机配施有利于提高土壤的w（C）/w（N）比,单施化肥,特别是偏施某一种化肥时,将显著降低土壤的w（C）/w（N）比;在土壤氮素储存率为N 20 kg·hm-2·a-1,目标w（C）/w（N）比为9、10、11的情景下,目前已经处于碳饱和的土壤分别占：52.7%、72.1%、87.5%;储存率为N 50 kg·hm-2·a-1的情景下分别占：58.2%、78.2%、91.4%;储存率为N 100 kg·hm-2·a-1的情景下分别占68.7%、87.6%、95.8%。土壤碳氮质量分数变异很大,总体碳氮比稳定在7.66左右,偏施化肥将显著降低土壤的w（C）/w（N）比,较低的土壤w（C）/w（N）比和较高的氮素储     

Detection of metallothionein in the intestinal mucosa and brain with 109cadmium∗

Metallothionein (MT) has a great capacity of binding metal ions showing an interesting connection with metal toxicology, as a biochemical marker for environmental metal pollution.

To normal male Wistar rats (200±10 g) and other groups with ferropenic anemia, are administered 1 mg Cd/Kg/day, during 6 days, and MT labelled with the administration 2 h before sacrifice of 3 μCi ¹⁰⁹CdCl₂, also through intragastric catheter. The MT concentration in the intestinal mucosa is expressed in μg MT/g fresh tissue, being for control rats 1.4 ± 0.5; for rats administered with 6 doses of Cd 2.5 ± 0.6 (P<0.05); with ferropenic anemia 4.3±0.7 (P<0.001), and for anemic rats treated with 6 doses Cd 12 + 0,3 (P<0.001) μg MT/g fresh tissue respectively. PAGE 15% T, 2% C_Bis show for intestinal mucosa 2 MT peaks and for brain 3 MT peaks. Anemia induce MT accumulation and increases cadmium incorporation, being anemic subjects eligibles to be submitted first to control and detoxication than the rest of the population, and also MT should be studied as biochemical marker of the pollution.     

集约化蔬菜地土壤磷素累积特征及流失风险

以南京市郊集约化蔬菜长期种植基地为对象,采集蔬菜种植年限分别为3~5、15~20、25~30 a的土壤,测定土壤全磷(TP)、速效磷(Olsen-P)、水溶性磷(CaCl2-P)、生物有效磷(NaOH-P)的含量,并对0—20 cm土层磷素吸附特性进行分析,通过研究土壤磷吸附饱和度(DPS)、最大缓冲容量(MBC)来对土壤磷素流失风险进行评估。结果表明,在0—20 cm土层,除NaOH-P外,其余各形态磷(TP、Olsen-P、CaCl2-P)都随种植年限延长呈增加趋势。不同种植年限土壤TP、Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、NaOH-P主要积累在0—20 cm土层,且随着土层深度的增加土壤磷的累积量逐渐降低。DPS随种植年限延长而升高,种植年限25~30 a的菜地0—5 cm土层DPS超过土壤磷素流失环境敏感指标临界值(25%),其MBC也最低,表明随着蔬菜种植年限的延长土壤磷素流失风险加剧,且流失风险主要体现在0—5 cm土层。