模拟氮沉降对森林土壤有机物淋溶的影响

在重庆铁山坪马尾松林内施加与大气氮沉降量相当的硝酸铵(NH4NO3)和硝酸钠(NaNO3),研究氮沉降加倍对土壤溶液可溶性有机物浓度的影响,分析氮沉降对森林土壤碳库的潜在作用.2005年起为期5a的现场观测表明,施氮后凋落物层土壤溶液的可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度和通量在起初2a内与对照样区相比有明显升高,但之后反而降低.施氮还会降低凋落物层土壤溶液的DOC与DON(可溶性有机氮)比值,以及矿质土壤上层的DOC浓度,但对矿质土壤下层的DOC淋溶通量几乎没有影响.总体来看,在试验期内氮沉降对土壤碳库无显著影响,但土壤有机物可能有从富碳有机物向富氮有机物转化的趋势,氮沉降的成分(NH4+和NO3-)对土壤有机物的影响则没有明显差异.     

气-水两相砂介质中饱和度-毛细压力关系与水位波动之间的响应

利用时域反射仪（TDR）与微型张力计（T5）联用装置,测定气-水两相砂介质中因水位波动产生的连续干燥与湿润循环过程中饱和度-毛细压力（S-p）关系曲线.同时,研究了多重水位波动对S-p关系曲线、孔隙流体运移的滞后性及空气剩余饱和度的作用.结果表明,TDR、T5和数据自动采集器联用装置可较准确测量出气-水两相条件下S-p关系的动态变化.同一介质中不同干燥过程的侵入压值比较接近,与干燥过程的初始水饱和度无关;而干燥或湿润过程的S-p关系曲线和滞后程度则与其初始水饱和度密切相关.在特定的干燥和湿润循环过程中,初始水饱和度大小对空气剩余饱和度的值影响不大,用于预测非湿润相流体剩余饱和度的Land的假设需要修正.本研究结果对进一步研究水位波动条件下地下有机污染物运移具有借鉴作用,可为修正NAPL Simulator 提供实验依据.     

女贞秋季光合特性研究

采用Li-6400型便携式光合作用测定系统测定了女贞的光合特性.结果表明,女贞叶片净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,存在光合“午休”现象;最高峰出现在10：00时左右,次高峰出现在13：00时,日最大净光合速率为10.8umol/m2·s.植物的净光合速率（Pn）与气孔导度（Cond）及蒸腾速率（Tr）呈正相关,而与胞间CO2浓度（Ci）呈负相关.女贞的光补偿点为为8.806umol/m2·s,光饱和点为1499μmol/m2·s,是具有一定耐荫能力的植物.     

小兴凯湖表层底泥磷吸附容量及潜在释放风险

利用沉积物磷吸附指数(PSI)和磷吸附饱和度(DPS)研究了小兴凯湖表层沉积物的磷吸附容量,分析了沉积物中磷的吸附饱和度(DPS)与其他指标的相关关系,并讨论了不同采样点湖泊沉积物中磷的潜在释放风险.结果表明:13个采样点的表层沉积物的PSI为9.78~197.53(mg?L)/(100g?μmol),平均值为59.77(mg?L)/(100g?μmol);DPS为9.95%~24.47%,平均值为15.41%.PSI与草酸铵提取的磷(Pox)极显著正相关,与草酸铵提取的铁、铝(Feox,Alox)显著正相关,草酸铵提取的铁是影响PSI的主导因素;DPS主要受沉积物中原有吸附态磷的影响.此外,磷释放风险指数(ERI)8.99%~129.94%的计算结果表明:小兴凯湖表层沉积物中磷释放诱发富营养化的风险处于高度风险范围,其中,受农业面源污染影响较大的北岸区域相比其他区域发生富营养化的风险更高.     

Photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy for conducting gas tracer tests and measuring water saturations in landfills

Gas tracer tests can be used to determine gas flow patterns within landfills, quantify volatile contaminant residence time, and measure water within refuse. While gas chromatography (GC) has been traditionally used to analyze gas tracers in refuse, photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) might allow real-time measurements with reduced personnel costs and greater mobility and ease of use. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of PAS for conducting gas tracer tests in landfills. Two tracer gases, difluoromethane (DFM) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), were measured with a commercial PAS instrument. Relative measurement errors were invariant with tracer concentration but influenced by background gas: errors were 1-3% in landfill gas but 4-5% in air. Two partitioning gas tracer tests were conducted in an aerobic landfill, and limits of detection (LODs) were 3-4 times larger for DFM with PAS versus GC due to temporal changes in background signals. While higher LODs can be compensated by injecting larger tracer mass, changes in background signals increased the uncertainty in measured water saturations by up to 25% over comparable GC methods. PAS has distinct advantages over GC with respect to personnel costs and ease of use, although for field applications GC analyses of select samples are recommended to quantify instrument interferences.     

基于Copula模型的降雨量与土壤饱和度的模拟研究

采用两步法,针对云南东川蒋家沟流域的降雨量与土壤饱和度,建立了边缘为皮尔逊Ⅲ型的Clayton Copula模型,分析了降雨量和土壤饱和度之间相关结构,以及两变量重现期,模拟了流域内土壤饱和度的变化情况。实例表明所构造的Clayton Copula模型能比较好地模拟出流域内土壤饱和度在降雨情况下逐日变化情况,有助于进一步认识降水对土壤饱和度的作用过程,并为分析泥石流灾害的发生提供了一种新思路。     

压力溶气气浮工艺中溶气效率测定方法述评

气浮工艺中溶气效率高低直接影响到回流水量的大小 ,即决定着运行费用的高低。对气浮工艺设计者和运营者来讲 ,达到并维持较高溶气效率是优先考虑的问题 ,而对新型气浮设备研发者而言 ,了解并确定其在不同工况下的溶气效率也是至关重要的。就已有溶气效率的测定方法进行了分类介绍与评价。     

新型气浮装置ES-DAF中气泡粒径分布的表征

对EsDAF气浮装置进行了研究.该装置取消了溶气灌,在循环泵的压水管和吸水管之间装有一个射流器和一个静态混合器进行吸气和溶气.采用显微摄像系统,对该装置中气泡粒径分布进行了探讨.结果表明,当环流比由10%增加到40%时气泡平均粒径由52.9μm降低到40.9μm,当表观气水比由12%降低到4%时,气泡平均粒径由55.9μm降低到40.1μm.这说明提高溶气系统中的紊流强度能够形成更多的原始气泡核位,从而可以形成更小的气泡随着溶气压力由300kPa增加到600kPa,气泡粒径分布曲线变低变宽说明压力的升高加剧了气泡的碰撞与并聚作用.     

改性蒙脱石复合材料在污水处理中的研究与应用

综述了蒙脱石的提纯、人工钠化、有机改性及改性蒙脱石在污水处理中的应用。通过实验证明了改性蒙脱石对垃圾渗沥液的色度去除率可以达到96%,对COD的去除率可以达到84%,且处理方法简单有效,成本低廉。     

Dynamics of soil inorganic nitrogen and their responses to nitrogen additions in three subtropical forests, south China

Three forests with different historical land-use, forest age, and species assemblages in subtropical China were selected to evaluate current soil N status and investigate the responses of soil inorganic N dynamics to monthly ammonium nitrate additions. Results showed that the mature monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest that has been protected for more than 400 years exhibited an advanced soil N status than the pine （Pinus massoniana） and pine-broadleaf mixed forests, both originated from the 1930＇s clear-cut and pine plantation. Mature forests had greater extractable inorganic N pool, lower N retention capacity, higher inorganic N leaching, and higher soil C/N ratios. Mineral soil extractable NH4^＋-N and NO3-N concentrations were significantly increased by experimental N additions on several sampling dates, but repeated ANOVA showed that the effect was not significant over the whole year except NH4^＋-N in the mature forest. In contrast, inorganic N （both NH4^＋-N and NO3^--N） in soil 20-cm below the surface was significantly elevated by the N additions. From 42% to 74% of N added was retained by the upper 20 cm soils in the pine and mixed forests, while 0%-70% was retained in the mature forest. Our results suggest that land-use history, forest age and species composition were likely to be some of the important factors that determine differing forest N retention responses to elevated N deposition in the study region.