Vallisneria natans decomposition rates and associated macroinvertebrates,microbes and microalgae along a vertical depth gradient in an urban lake (Nanhu Lake,China)

Knowledge on aquatic macrophyte decomposition has well developed, yet the decomposition and associated biotic factors along a vertical gradient in waters remain less examined. Here, we used Vallianeria natans leaves to investigate the decomposition rate and associated decomposers and microalgae at different vertical depths, by placing V. natans leaves into litterbags (0.5 and 5?mm meshes) and incubating them at the air–water interface (AW), sediment-water (SW) interface, and 10?cm (B10) or 20?cm (B20) burial in sediment over 60 days in a littoral zone of lake. Decomposition rates decreased with increased depths in each mesh size, with significant differences among and between AW (0.028?d^?1), SW (0.022?d^?1), B10 (0.014?d^?1) and B20 (0.011?d^?1) treatments in 0.5?mm litterbags and no significant difference between B10 (0.027?d^?1) and B20 (0.025?d^?1) in 5?mm litterbags. The average contribution of macroinvertebrates to biomass loss was highest in B20 (44.66%), lowest in AW (22.66%) and midst in both SW (25.35%) and B10 (38.78%), and was much less than that of both microbes and microalgae at each location. We show the importance of macroinvertebrates, microbes and microalgae in mediating macrophyte decomposition rate in response to different vertical locations in freshwaters.     

长江口疏浚土掩埋对两种贝类存活的影响

疏浚土处置产生的土丘状浮泥,会掩埋原有底质,底栖生物被掩埋后或死亡,或垂直向迁移重新获得生存机会,而使底栖生物群落得以重建.为评价疏浚土掩埋对底栖生物存活的潜在影响,采用长江口深水航道工程疏浚土模拟掩埋尖紫蛤(Sanguinolaria acuta)、文蛤(Meretrix meretrix),观测两种贝类对不同埋深的反应及其存活情况.结果表明,文蛤和尖紫蛤被掩埋后均表现出垂向迁移行为,文蛤比尖紫蛤表现出了更强的垂向迁移能力,当掩埋深度为8cm时,可100%迁移至疏浚土表层,获得存活机会,而尖紫蛤仅50%左右个体的进出水管伸出疏浚土表层;疏浚土掩埋深度与尖紫蛤死亡率之间有极其显著正相关关系(R2=0.967,P=0.007<0.01),并求得4d-LC50为6.9cm,95%置信区间5.2~8.6cm.试验所设置掩埋深度与文蛤死亡率之间没有表现出显著相关关系,难以通过统计方法获得文蛤的4d-LC50;借鉴毒理学中推定LOEC(最低有影响深度)的方法,推定文蛤的LOED为10cm.研究表明,疏浚土处置后的沉积厚度对底栖动物种群的存亡具有决定性作用,而底栖动物在被掩埋后表现出的垂向迁移能力大小也可影响自身种群及处置区整个底栖动物群落的最终重建几率,并且积极的管理策略对底栖群落重建意义重大.表4图1参22     

两种沉水植物附着生物种群特征对水深的响应研究

选取浅水湖泊中两种常见沉水植物上的附着生物作为研究对象,通过显微观测和16S rRNA高通量测序的方法,探究原位实验条件下水深(分别以T1、T2、T3、T4代表0.6、1.2、1.8和2.4 m)对狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)和马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malainus)附着藻类和附着细菌种群组成及其多样性特征的影响.结果表明,沉水植物附着生物种群特征与水深和生物种类有关,试验组中所有水深梯度下的狐尾藻附着生物群落的自养指数(AI)均大于马来眼子菜,且试验组中较小水深0.6~1.2 m的AI值较高,较大水深1.8~2.4 m的AI值较低.两种沉水植物表面附着藻类组成随水深变化差异显著(p0.05),绿藻门和硅藻门仍占种群绝对优势;附着细菌种群随水深梯度的变化差异也显著(p0.05),但主要包括有Proteobacteria、Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes等优势菌群,同种沉水植物或相似水层深度间的附着细菌组成和丰度有较高的相似性,并且试验组中较小水深0.6~1.2 m中拥有更多特有的细菌种类.研究发现,相同水深时狐尾藻附着藻类的多样性大于马来眼子菜,而马来眼子菜附着细菌多样性大于狐尾藻,且位于中等水深1.2~1.8 m时两种沉水植物附着藻类和附着细菌的多样性往往最高.通过水深对沉水植物附着生物种群特征影响的研究,可为揭示沉水植物表面微生态作用规律提供参考.     

近45年中国12个一级站大气气溶胶光学厚度变化特征

利用常规观测的总辐射和散射辐射日曝辐量资料,结合NASA GISS的月平均平流层气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品,反演计算了北京等12个台站1961～2005年0.75μm对流层AOD和气溶胶标高数据.基于这些数据,分析了各站AOD、气溶胶标高和地面能见度的年、季、月变化特征.结果表明:①就12个站45a总平均而言,光学厚度为0.276,年增长为0.0034;气溶胶标高为1.65km,年增加为0.015km;能见度为17.1km,年变化值为-0.08km;AOD春夏较大,秋冬较小;气溶胶标高夏季最高,春季次之,冬季最低.②各站点45a平均AOD范围为0.116～0.387;除格尔木外,各站AOD均有增长.年变化值为0.0010～0.0079.③20世纪70、80年代AOD增加明显;20世纪90年代以来,多数站点AOD有所下降,能见度有转好趋势.     

腐蚀损伤对LY12CZ铝合金疲劳寿命的影响研究

对LY12CZ铝合金在EXCO溶液中进行了不同时间的加速腐蚀。通过扫描电镜研究不同腐蚀时间后LY12CZ铝合金的腐蚀损伤,腐蚀损伤的严重程度用腐蚀面积率和腐蚀深度描述。通过对比性疲劳试验获得了腐蚀损伤对LY12CZ铝合金疲劳寿命的影响,为飞机日历寿命评定和飞机结构腐蚀的研究提供了试验依据。     

Estimating Floodwater Depths from Flood Inundation Maps and Topography

Information on flood inundation extent is important for understanding societal exposure, water storage volumes, flood wave attenuation, future flood hazard, and other variables. A number of organizations now provide flood inundation maps based on satellite remote sensing. These data products can efficiently and accurately provide the areal extent of a flood event, but do not provide floodwater depth, an important attribute for first responders and damage assessment. Here we present a new methodology and a GIS‐based tool, the Floodwater Depth Estimation Tool (FwDET), for estimating floodwater depth based solely on an inundation map and a digital elevation model (DEM). We compare the FwDET results against water depth maps derived from hydraulic simulation of two flood events, a large‐scale event for which we use medium resolution input layer (10 m) and a small‐scale event for which we use a high‐resolution (LiDAR; 1 m) input. Further testing is performed for two inundation maps with a number of challenging features that include a narrow valley, a large reservoir, and an urban setting. The results show FwDET can accurately calculate floodwater depth for diverse flooding scenarios but also leads to considerable bias in locations where the inundation extent does not align well with the DEM. In these locations, manual adjustment or higher spatial resolution input is required.     

Experimental investigation of groundwater contamination by surface sources: Determination of adsorption capacity,diffusion, and sorption potential of selected anions in different soils

The present study investigated the fate and transport of two significant anions through soil to explore their potential as groundwater contaminants. The retention properties of chloride and sulfate in soils having several significantly different characteristics (soil‐1 and soil‐2) were determined using adsorption test and adsorption‐diffusion column experiments. The maximum adsorption capacity of chloride was 3.7 and 1.16 mg/g, respectively, in soil‐1 and soil‐2, with organic matter (OM) content of 3.92% and 4.69%, respectively. The sulfate adsorption obtained was 24.09% and 13.83%, respectively, in the two soils. The anions exhibited monolayer adsorption in the soils with replacement of hydroxyl ions from soils as the major mechanism of adsorption. On the other hand, the adsorption capacities obtained from the adsorption‐diffusion column experiment were about 100 times lower compared to that of the column tests of both of the soils. The maximum adsorption capacity of chloride was 0.03 mg/g and 0.01 mg/g, respectively, in soil‐1 and soil‐2, whereas that of sulfate was 0.04 mg/g and 0.03 mg/g. The empirical relation for depth of penetration (d) from a known spillage onto the soil surface was determined as a function of sorption capacity (S) and initial anion concentration (C) as d = 0.0073e^(?57S)C and d = 0.0038e^(?35S)C for chloride and sulfate, respectively.     

基于Landsat数据的关中盆地腹地AOD时空格局及城市化对其影响

气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,AOD）是气溶胶最基本的光学特性之一,表征气溶胶对光的消减作用,对区域大气污染有一定的指示作用.首先,以2000~2019年长时间序列MOD09A1产品数据为基础,利用ASTER波谱数据库,构建了Landsat TM/OLI蓝光波段地表反射率数据集,利用深蓝算法（deep blue algorithm,DB）对关中盆地腹地AOD进行了反演估算.其次,通过测算2000~2019多年平均/各年平均AOD和季节AOD值,研究分析了AOD空间分布特征和时间变化趋势;利用经验正交函数分析方法（empirical orthogonal function,EOF）剖析了AOD主要的空间分布模式.最后,探索分析了城市化对AOD时空分布特征的影响.结果表明：①研究区多年平均AOD空间分布受地形和人类活动影响显著,低海拔且人类活动强度大的盆地内部AOD值和变化幅度均高于周围山系.AOD呈现出明显的季节差异性：春季（0.34） > 夏季（0.33） > 秋季（0.23） > 冬季（0.12）,夏季AOD区域差异性最大.②年均AOD呈先增大后减小再增大的变化趋势,2005年达到最大值;春夏两季AOD数值分布离散,而冬季则表现为低值集聚的状态.③EOF分析结果表明,研究区AOD存在3种主要的空间分布模态：第一,AOD空间分布模式表现为区域一致型,特征向量空间分布与海拔梯度一致,反映了不同海拔下AOD变化程度的差异;第二,以秦岭山脉为界,大致呈现南北反相的分布特征,反映出关中盆地地域发展的独特性和与南部秦岭山区的差异性;第三,"东南-西北"的分布格局,表明了AOD在"城镇-乡村"呈反相变化趋势;④研究区AOD值与常住人口密度（R²=0.707,P<0.05）、不透水面密度（R²=0.377,P<0.05）以及工业POI密度（R²=0.727,P<0.5）呈正相关关系,说明城市化对AOD时空分布有一定影响.本研究对加强关中盆地空气质量监测和城市生态环境建设具有重要的意义.     

埋藏深度对盐岩储气库溶腔变形的影响研究

以典型的单一溶腔盐岩地下储气库为例,采用ANSYS15.0建立了盐岩储气库计算模型,并通过ANSYS-FLAC3转换软 件将所建模型导入岩土通用计算软件FLAC3D中,最后通过FLAC3D模拟了七种不同埋藏深度情况下盐岩储气库溶腔的变形 情况。数值模拟结果为:随着埋藏深度的增加,盐岩储气库位移近似呈直线增加,盐岩储气库应力同样近似线性增加; 溶腔中上部及溶腔直径最大处位移及应力最大,溶腔变形最大。根据模拟结果,推荐类似本文所建的盐岩储气库埋藏深 度应控制在800～1 000 m为宜,才能保证其运行过程中最大位移不高于1.19 m,最大应力不高于80 MPa。尽管通过 FLAC3D模拟的盐岩地下储气库溶腔形状过于单一,与实际盐岩地下储气库具有一定距离,但是不乏代表性,同样能够为 盐岩储气库运营期间的安全稳定性提供有益的借鉴作用。     

基于A-train卫星对中国北方地区气溶胶分布的研究

利用A-train(CALIPSO和MODIS-Aqua)卫星的数据资料,对比分析了中国北方地区(分为3个部分西部-W区,中部-M区和东部-E区)2007年1月~2010年10月AOD的年平均和季节平均分布特征,结果发现:MODIS-Aqua的卫星资料在我国北方地区区域基本具有适用性;MODIS和CALIPSO卫星反演的AOD年平均分布特征基本一致,AOD的高值区分布在南疆盆地(主要受沙尘气溶胶的影响)和地势较低的华北平原地区;MODIS和CALIPSO卫星反演的北方地区AOD季节平均分布的结果基本一致:W区AOD的高值区在季节上分布特征是:春季最高,夏季次之,秋季最小,冬季又慢慢增大;E区AOD的高值区的分布特征是:夏季最大,春季次之,秋冬季最小.