内蒙古自治区国家环保重点城市近五年环境空气质量现状研究

本文通过对呼和浩特市、包头市、赤峰市3个国家环保重点城市近五年的环境空气质量监测结果的整理统计,分析、评价了呼和浩特市、包头市、赤峰市的环境空气质量现状及主要污染物的变化趋势,结果表明：与2005年相比,呼和浩特市、包头市、赤峰市的空气质量均有明显改善。     

煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用:模型·实证

为研究煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用,基于系统动力学原理构建一般情况下煤炭开采对生态系统功能胁迫作用的系统动力学模型,分析不同情境下煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用特征,并以淮河流域典型煤炭资源型城市——淮南市为例进行实证研究. 结果表明:煤炭开采对生态系统功能有胁迫作用,政府是重要影响因素;不同情境下煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用不同,表现为情境一(理想状态)<情境二(良性状态)<情境三(一般状态)<情境四(停滞状态)<情境五(糟糕状态);生态治理投资系数和煤炭开采技术投资系数的比值越大,则煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用越小. 实证结果通过有效性检验,表明该研究建立的系统动力学模型具有可靠性. 当前淮南市生态治理投资和煤炭开采技术投资的比值为0.511,表明淮南市生态系统功能系统和煤炭开采系统处于一般状态. 研究显示,政府在维持生态系统功能稳态中发挥着一定作用. 煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用特征:当生态治理投资系数和煤炭开采技术投资系数的比值为0时,生态系统功能系统和煤炭开采系统处于糟糕状态;当比值为(0,1)时,处于一般状态;当比值为1时,处于良性状态;当比值大于1时,两大系统进入理想状态.      

Management of sustainability transitions through planning in shrinking resource city contexts: an evaluation of Yubari City,Japan

This paper evaluates the planning competences required to enact a managed transition to sustainability at the municipal level for cities facing population, economic and employment decline. Drawing on the ‘shrinking cities’ literature, we argue consolidation of the built environment can become a focal point for sustaining citizen welfare when transitioning cities that are facing decline, especially those previously reliant on resource industries. We evaluate the former coal mining city of Yubari, Japan, which is developing a consolidated urban form with the aim of creating a ‘sustainable’ future city. Findings from interviews and content analysis of Yubari’s planning policy indicate, however, that to translate ‘shrinking’ a city into a managed transition, spatial planning must be accompanied by a wider range of social policy measures and strong cross-sectoral engagement. We also caution that the unique geographical and political context of Yubari mean its model may not be directly replicable in other contexts.     

城市热环境及其微热环境的改善

以苏南５市县３０年来热环境诸因素的变化资料为依据,分析城市区域特征所引起的热环境诸因素的变化趋势,介绍包括规划城市区域的道路网,控制建筑物布局的密度,以及城市绿化和水面等在内的城市规划和建筑设计措施对于改善城市区域微热环境的效用。     

New indicator approaches for effective urban air quality management

Measurements of urban air quality at monitoring stations in developed countries have frequently involved the criteria gaseous pollutants, particulates, hazardous air pollutants, perceived air quality and relevant meteorological conditions. Large numbers of indicators have therefore been established to quantify emissions, concentrations and environmental and human health impacts of each of these groups of substances. To simplify the data for management, several indicators have been grouped together to form urban air quality indices but the weightings of individual variables is contentious. In industrialising and developing countries, data may be limited and traditional air pollutant indicators cannot often be constructed. The emphasis therefore has to be placed on the development of policy-relevant indicators, such as Response Indicators that reflect different policy principles for regulating air pollutant emissions. Indices that quantify the air quality management capabilities and capacities at the city level provide further useful decision-relevant tools. Four sets of indices, namely, 1. air quality measurement capacity, 2. data assessment and availability, 3. emissions estimates, and 4. management enabling capabilities, and a composite index to evaluate air quality management capability, were constructed and applied to 80 cities. The indices revealed that management capability varied widely between the cities. In some of the cities, existing national knowledge on urban air quality could have been more effectively used for management. It was concluded that for effective urban air quality management, a greater emphasis should be given, not just to monitoring and data capture programmes, but to the development of indicators and indices that empower decision-makers to initiate management response strategies. Over-reliance on restricted, predetermined sets of traditional air quality indicators should be avoided.     

Climate pioneership and leadership in structurally disadvantaged maritime port cities

ABSTRACT

Innovative climate governance in small-to-medium-sized structurally disadvantaged cities (SDCs) are assessed. Considering their deeply ingrained severe economic and social problems it would be reasonable to assume that SDCs act primarily as climate laggards or at best as followers. However, novel empirical findings show that SDCs are capable of acting as climate pioneers. Different types and styles of climate leadership and pioneership and how they operate within multi-level and polycentric governance structures are identified and assessed. SDCs seem relatively readily willing to adopt transformational climate pioneership styles to create ‘green’ jobs, for example, in the offshore wind energy sector and with the aim of improving their poor external image. However, in order to sustain transformational climate pioneership they often have to rely on support from ‘higher’ levels of governance. For SDCs, there is a tension between learning from each other’s best practice and fierce economic competition in climate innovation.     

Cities as leaders in EU multilevel climate governance: embedded upscaling of local experiments in Europe

ABSTRACT

The success of local climate governance in Europe depends not only on leading cities but also on the dynamics between leaders, followers, and laggards. Upscaling local experiments helps to close the gap between these actors. This process is driven by the increasing embeddedness of cities and their networks in EU multilevel governance. Embedded upscaling combines horizontal upscaling between leading cities with vertical upscaling between leaders and followers that is mediated by higher levels of government, and hierarchical upscaling that even reaches the laggards. Various types of upscaling, their combinations, and their impacts are analyzed. Networks have become denser and networking has intensified. City networks and their member cities have become embedded in national and EU governance, lost authority and depend more and more on regional, national, and European authorities.     

考虑环境约束的中国资源型城市全要素能源效率及其差异研究

论文采用考虑非期望产出的SBM模型测算了考虑环境约束的中国资源型城市全要素能源效率,并对全要素能源效率差异进行分解研究.研究发现:第一,多数资源型城市处于非效率状态,不同类别城市间效率差异明显,并且这种差异并未随时间明显改善;第二,按区域分组,区域内差异是造成全要素能源效率总体差异的主因,其中,中部区域组内差异是造成总体差异的最重要因素;第三,按规划综合分类分组,各群组内部差异是造成总体差异的主因,其中,成熟型组内差异是造成总体差异的最重要因素;第四,按资源类型分组,各群组内部差异是造成总体差异的主因,其中,煤炭类组内差异与综合类组内差异是造成总体差异最为重要的前两位因素.在研究结果的基础上,论文探讨了相关的含义.     

城市碳排放的评估方法——影响要素和过程研究

城市碳排放对全球碳循环和气候变化产生了深远的影响。论文在国内外城市碳排放研究基础上,从城市化的碳排放效应、城市碳排放估算和影响要素、碳排放观测、碳循环和碳代谢过程等方面系统归纳总结了碳排放评估方法、要素和过程。评述了Kaya恒等式、LMDI方法、CGE模型、混合分析法、清单编制法、UE模型、FFDAS模型、STIRPAT模型、格网模型、综合分析法(Four-part Methodology)、建筑碳排放模型、物质代谢法、EC碳通量观测等代表性碳排放估算和观测方法。研究焦点正在从宏观模式转向微观机理,从自然、人文单一过程转向人文-自然耦合过程,热点区域从发达国家城市转向发展中国家城市,从单一数据源转向遥感、实验观测等多源数据。基于上述特点,当前研究应从城市公平发展和低碳城市出发,建立城市公共利益能源研究框架,根据城市职能类型和发展水平,综合涡度通量观测、计量模型、生态模型、遥感和GIS技术,构建高精度城市碳排放账户,建立城市代谢存量和流量标准分类系统,发展和完善碳排放估算模型,提高城市碳排放计算结果精度和城市间的可比性。     

珠江三角洲城市雨水的化学组成及其成因探讨

于2005—2007年间,基于降水过程监测分析了广州市和珠海市雨水的化学组成。结果表明,广州市雨水的pH值变化于3.32~7.03之间,平均值为4.35,众数约为4.15。珠海市雨水的pH值变化于3.38~6.49之间,平均值为4.51。雨水pH值随降水强度的减弱而降低,这决定于大气中水汽与酸性气体的接触时间。珠江三角洲城市雨水中所含主要离子依次是SO42-、NO3-、NH4＋、Ca2＋、Cl-。雨水的酸化与降水过程密切相关。降雨初期雨水比中后期雨水的pH值高,揭示降雨初期大气中的粉尘颗粒有效中和雨水的酸度。多天连续降水天气对大气尘埃的清洗作用明显,但是持续的SO2和NOx排放更容易使雨水酸化。滨海城市降水初期雨水的电导率上升较快（可以从小于1μS.cm-1上升到20~30μS.cm-1）,随着降水时间的延长雨水的电导率以较慢的速率上升。