抗战胜利70周年大阅兵期间石家庄大气细颗粒物在线来源解析

抗战胜利70周年阅兵纪念活动空气质量保障前后,利用位于石家庄市大气自动梯度站20 m处单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)对大气细颗粒物来源进行了解析.结果表明,阅兵活动当日,大气细颗粒物的首要污染源为机动车尾气(20.9%)和燃煤(20.6%),与空气质量保障前后相比,两类源的贡献均出现不同程度的降低,且颗粒物数浓度处于较低水平,保障措施起到了较好的效果,其中"控车"和"控煤"效果更为显著.来自机动车尾气的颗粒以短链元素碳和Mn为主,来自燃煤源的颗粒物以有机碳为主,来自工艺工业源的颗粒物以有机碳和金属为主,来自扬尘源的颗粒物以硅酸盐和钙为主.保障措施结束后,颗粒物浓度迅速攀升,是低压静稳不利气象条件和东南方向低空传输共同作用结果,其中扬尘和机动车尾气的贡献增长较为突出.     

信号分子联合脱氮硫杆菌对同步脱氮除硫的影响

为探究信号分子联合菌对同步脱氮除硫效果的影响,发现同时投加信号分子和脱氮硫杆菌可以加快硫化物和硝酸盐氮的去除且相比单独投加时更有利于单质硫的稳定积累和氮气产量的增加,并通过FISH技术检测了反应结束后微生物总量,信号联合脱氮硫杆菌可以增加微生物总数,因此能够实现较好地脱氮除硫效果.实验从不同信号分子浓度中找出了有利于单质硫稳定积累的最佳浓度,进而在此浓度下分析了单独投加信号分子、单独投加脱氮硫杆菌,以及同时投加信号分子和脱氮硫杆菌3种情况下的脱氮除硫效果.结果表明,当硫化物浓度为200 mg·L-1时,延长反应时间至72 h后,信号分子联合脱氮硫杆菌使硫化物的去除率提高至99. 8%,硝酸盐去除率提高至96. 9%,且单质硫转化为硫酸盐的速率减慢,氮气的产量增加,反应结束后其单质硫和氮气的量分别达到59. 0 mg和80. 0 m L.当硫化物浓度为300 mg·L-1时,单独投加2. 5μmol·L-1的信号分子在72 h时其硫化物和去除率达到99. 0%,硝酸盐的去除达到93. 9%,单质硫和氮气的产量分别达到63. 1 mg和79. 5 m L.     

北京西三环地区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布

2012年3-8月对北京西三环地区大气颗粒物进行分级采样,利用气相色谱(GC)/质谱(MS)联用仪对颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量进行测定.结果表明,检出的16种PAHs总质量浓度(∑16PAHs)平均为46.73ng/m3;苯并[a]蒽(BaA)等6种单体浓度与∑16PAHs呈良好线性关系；PAHs粒径分布特征表明,其更易富集在细颗粒物上；不同环数PAHs分布特征为:3环＞4环＞5环＞6环＞2环,随着颗粒粒径减小,高环数PAHs含量增加.温度、湿度和紫外线(UV)指数与∑16PAHs呈负相关.通过特征化合物比值分析法对PAHs进行源解析发现,采样期间PAHs主要来源为燃烧源,交通源影响微弱.     

天水市麦积区大气总悬浮颗粒物与绿地分布的关系研究

以麦积区城郊2013年实测绿地大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)为根据,应用空间变异分析、克里格插值、重分类等方法,对麦积区城郊绿地大气TSP进行了分析,得出如下结论:当绿地结构是乔木和灌木组成的针阔混交林、森林覆盖率在73%时,大气TSP质量浓度小于0.08mg/m3;当绿地结构是天然林、小部分经济林和绿化带组成的阔叶林、森林覆盖率在51%时,大气TSP质量浓度为0.08~0.20mg/m3;当绿地结构是经济林、绿化带和农田、森林覆盖率在30%以下时,大气TSP质量浓度在0.20mg/m3以上;森林覆盖率在10%左右时,大气TSP质量浓度在9.700~13.548mg/m3。麦积区城市绿地结构和森林覆盖率直接影响大气TSP浓度,这为麦积区城市绿地规划和建设、改善城市环境质量提供了理论依据和技术指导。     

Sulfur dioxide dispersion and source contribution to receptors of downtown Patras, Greece

Background The development of the city of Patras, including harbour relocation, in conjunction with the protection of the regional ecosystems, requires air quality assessment and management. For this reason, a model applicable in the Patras area is necessary and valuable. The goal of this study was to validate a model suitable for predicting the dispersion of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), based on particular activity, topography and weather conditions. Methods We used the US-EPA ISCLT3 integral dispersion model to predict SO₂ concentrations for Patras, Greece. We assumed that the major contribution to Patras air pollution came from central heating, harbour and traffic. We calculated traffic emissions using COPERTIII. Results and Discussion Assigning suitable values of the mixing height, the model predicted the local and spatial distribution of the mean monthly SO₂ concentrations in downtown Patras, as well computed the contribution of the SO₂ emissions originating from each particular source at each receptor location on a seasonal and annual basis. The comparison between predictions and measurements shows that the model performance for estimating the SO₂ concentrations and period pattern is satisfactory. Conclusion The mixing height was the critical parameter for calibrating the model. Model validation promises satisfactory predictions for SO₂ pollution levels on monthly basis. Recommendations and Outlook The model could be used in predicting SO₂ concentrations and source contribution for several downtown Patras receptors using pertinent meteorological and emission information. It could be also extended to predict the dispersion of other primary air pollutants. The calibrated model predictions could be used to fill gaps in monitoring data, saving money and time, and help in assess and manage air quality as Patras develops.     

Fine atmospheric particles emitted by industrial,traffic and urban sources in France: characterization and genotoxicity

Health risks associated with inhalation of fine particulate matter of 2.5 µm in diameter or smaller depend on their atmospheric levels and physicochemical properties. The relationships between chemical compositions and genotoxic activities of particles emitted by mineral industries, traffic and urban sources during summer and winter in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (France) were investigated.

The fine particles were separated in respect to water-soluble (13 minerals and metals) and organic-extractable (16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) components that were quantified. The chromosome damaging properties of the hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts were assessed using the centromeric micronucleus assay on a human lung fibroblast cell line.

The composition of the fine particulate matter was variable and depended upon the sources and seasons. Both the hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts induced chromosome damage: (1) in hydrophilic extracts, Ca and Zn affected chromosome losses induction; (2) acenapthylene affected chromosome damage (breakages and losses) induction and naphthalene affected chromosome damage and losses induction in lipophilic extracts without metabolic activation; and (3) benzo[a]pyrene affected chromosome losses induction in lipophilic extracts with metabolic activation. Fine particulate matter arising from coal-fired power station, road traffic, and other urban sources were the most efficient to induce chromosome breakage.     

钙基固硫剂对污泥和煤燃烧过程中SO2和NOx释放的影响

在O2气氛下,研究了煤与污泥2种燃料中添加4种钙基固硫剂( CaO、Ca(OH)2、CaCO3和白云石(CaCO3·MgCO3))后的SO2和NOx的释放特性.结果表明:(1)煤燃烧时SO2的释放曲线和NO较相似,呈现2个析出峰;污泥燃烧过程中SO2和NO的释放规律一致,35 s时烟气中SO2和NO瞬时质量浓度达到峰值...     

空气中总悬浮颗粒物的三种测定方法比较

本文采用大流量采样、β－射线衰减测尘仪与ＴＥＯＭ测尘仪分析测定空气中的总悬浮颗粒物，对比实验结果表明：ＴＥＯＭ法与经典大流量测定方法、β－射线衰减法测量结果均具有可比性。     

Multivariate statistical analysis of the response of forest litters to atmospheric pollution

The effect of atmospheric discharge from the Pechenganikel' Integrated Plant, the main source of sulfur dioxide in northern Europe, on changes in acidity and cation exchange properties of forest litters formed on podzol soils was estimated in forest ecosystems at the northern limit of their range. As the plant is approached, the contents of exchangeable potassium and acidity proved to decrease, whereas the contents of nickel and copper increased by two orders of magnitude and reached one-quarter of the total cation exchange capacity. The multivariate analysis of spatial interrelations revealed the natural structure of litter properties, including those concerning exchangeable bases, pollutants, and parameters of acidity.     

湖南省稻田土壤硫素状况研究

采集湖南省主要母质类型的稻田土壤，进行土壤全硫、有效硫及其相关性质的分析研究。结果表明，（1）供试耕层土壤全硫含量在0.266～0.885 g/kg 之间，平均0.539 g/kg。土壤有效硫变动范围为17.7～135.1 mg/kg，平均56.7 mg/kg。土壤全硫和有效硫之间有极显著的相关性，相关系数为0.423**(n =40）。（2）随着土壤剖面层次的加深，土壤有效硫和全硫含量逐渐减少。（3）耕层土壤C∶N，C∶S，N∶S比率分别为9.3～14.5，34.5～62.8和3.1～6.3；土壤C∶N∶P∶S比率平均为48.7∶4.67∶1.4∶1。（4）相关分析表明，土壤全硫与土壤全N、 全P、有机C之间均呈极显著正相关，且以N、S之间的相关性最为密切。