电炉钢渣对水中Cu2+、Cd2+和Pb2+的去除作用

以宝钢电炉钢渣为研究对象,考察了钢渣对溶液中重金属离子Cu2+、Cd2+、Pb2+的吸附动力学、吸附等温线、吸附热力学特征,借助多种分析手段(XRD、BET比表面分析、SEM/EDS等)对钢渣进行了理化性能测试和表征.结果表明,电炉钢渣对重金属离子的吸附速率较快,吸附速率顺序为Cd2+>Pb2+>Cu2+,吸附过程符合一级动力学模型(R2>0.99).吸附等温实验结果表明,Langmuir模型较为适合重金属离子在钢渣上的吸附,实验条件下对Cu2+、Cd2+、Pb2+离子的最大吸附容量分别为0.101、0.058、0.120 mmol.g-1.3种重金属离子在钢渣上的吸附是一个吸热(ΔH0<0)、熵值增大(ΔS0>0)的自发反应过程(ΔG0<0),熵效应是吸附反应自发进行的主要驱动力.SEM/EDS分析结果揭示了吸附前后钢渣表面形貌和化学成分的变化.电炉钢渣以其低价、高效性在重金属废水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.     

Removal of Eu3+, Ce3+, Sr2+, and Cs+ ions from radioactive waste solutions by modified activated carbon prepared from coconut shells

As a biomass agricultural waste material, coconut shells were used for the preparation of high-quality modified activated carbon. Chemical modification of the surface of the prepared activated carbon is done by oxidation using H₂O₂ and HNO₃, respectively. The surface area and pore volume of the coconut shells activated carbon are increased by the chemical modification, and followingly the removal of the metals is improved. The structural morphology and composition of the modified activated carbon coconut shells (MACCS) were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, thermogravimetric analysis–differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analysis (SAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis. The prepared MACCS has reasonably good chemical stability. The influence of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, adsorption temperature, initial metal concentrations, and interfering ions on the adsorption performance of the investigated ions onto the prepared sorbent was examined by a batch method. The selectivity sequence for sorption of Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions on MACCS was found to be Eu^3+?>?Ce^3+?>?Sr^2+?>?Cs⁺. The saturation capacities of MACCS for the studied metal ions were found to be 136.84, 85.55, 69.85, and 60.00?mg?g^?1 for Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° were also evaluated.     

改性核桃壳对石油烃类物质的吸附试验研究

为了研究改性制备核桃壳对石油烃吸附程度,以化学改性制备核桃壳为吸附剂,考察了溶液p H值、时间和温度对改性核桃壳吸附石油烃效果的影响。结果表明:当温度为298 K,p H为7.0,0.2 g改性核桃壳吸附处理100 m L浓度为60 mg/L的柴油溶液,80 min后吸附量最大,可达到12.57 mg/g。该吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,其相关系数达到0.9999。在3种温度(298,308,318 K)条件下的吸附等温曲线更符合Freundlich模型。通过热力学计算证实,该吸附过程是吸热的、自发的过程,一定程度上的升温有助于石油烃的吸附。     

TiO2@酵母微球吸附废水中的荧光增白剂-VBL及再生研究

采用静电自组装的方法制备出具有草莓结构的TiO2@酵母微球作为吸附材料,对阴离子型荧光增白剂-VBL(FWA-VBL)废水进行吸附研究,考察了溶液pH、溶液初始浓度和TiO2@酵母投加量对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,酸性条件有利于TiO2@酵母微球对FWA-VBL的吸附,平衡吸附量随着溶液初始浓度的增加而增加,随着TiO2@酵母微球投加量的增加而减小.TiO2@酵母对FWA-VBL的吸附行为更加符合Langmuir等温模型,在温度为323.15K下最大吸附量为167.50mg/g; 吸附动力学符合二级动力学方程; 热力学参数表明吸附过程是自发的吸热过程.归因于光催化-吸附耦合效应,TiO2@酵母微球展现出了良好的原位再生能力.H2O2的添加有助于提高TiO2@酵母微球的再生性能.     

Removal of Mo(VI) from aqueous solutions using sulfuric acid-modified cinder: kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Removal of Mo(VI) from aqueous solutions was investigated using cinder modified by sulfuric acid. Various parameters such as pH, agitation time, Mo(VI) concentration, and temperature have been studied. The maximum adsorption of Mo(VI) occurred at pH between 4.0 and 6.0. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption generally obeyed a pseudo second-order model. The activation energy was 31.4?kJ?mol^?1, indicating that the adsorption process was governed mainly by interactions of physical nature. Furthermore, application of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models to the adsorption equilibrium data showed that the adsorption behavior obeyed the Langmuir model. The adsorption capacity was found to be 10.8?g Mo(VI)?kg^?1 adsorbent. Finally, thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH ⁰, ΔS ⁰, and ΔG ⁰ were also evaluated, which showed that the adsorption of Mo(VI) on the treated cinder was endothermic, entropy increasing, and spontaneous. In conclusion, the sulfuric acid-modified cinder was shown to be an inexpensive, effective, and simple adsorbent for the removal of Mo(VI) from water.     

Thermodynamic investigation of the effect of oxygen and hydrogen chloride potential upon generation and decomposition behavior of dioxins

The thermodynamic equilibrium of the C‐H‐O‐Cl system has been calculated to elucidate the generation and decomposition behavior of dioxins, and is discussed from the viewpoint of the oxygen and hydrogen chloride potential. The dioxins behavior is greatly dependent on the oxygen potential, i.e. higher temperature and oxygen potential lead to the complete decomposition of dioxins, while low hydrogen chloride potential under insufficient oxygen condition leads to an increase of multi‐chlorine displacement of dioxins.     

Preliminary analysis of single flash combined with binary system using thermodynamic assessment: a case study of Dieng geothermal power plant

This paper addressed the performance of single flash combined with a binary system that was proposed in the Dieng geothermal power plant by applying thermodynamic assessment methods. A set of mathematical equations from the plant was developed and solved iteratively using engineering equation solver. The results showed that the available exergy of the produced fluid from production wells is 66,204 kW. The performance of an existing single-flash power plant indicated 24,300 kW of net power output. The proposed design of single flash combined with a binary system improves the power output by 17.16% to 27,786 kW. The second law efficiency increases from 36.7% to 41.97% while the first law efficiency increases from 11.62% to 13.61%.     

火灾下钢筋混凝土梁热力学性能数值模拟分析*

为了研究火灾下钢筋混凝土（RC）简支梁的热力学性能,建立火灾高温下RC梁的数值分析模型,与火灾试验对比验证模型的有效性;分别对4根完全相同的RC梁进行不同受火试验,研究受火时间、混凝土高温爆裂及钢筋-混凝土黏结高温退化对RC梁截面温度场分布、钢筋应力与滑移量分布、残余抗弯承载力的影响规律。研究结果表明:截面温度梯度随受火时间增长而扩大,底部角筋比其他纵筋升温均快;混凝土爆裂对直接受火面10 mm厚度范围内温度影响较为显著,角筋升温速率随受火时间增长而增大;底部纵筋应力随受火时间增长而下降,中筋的应力高于角筋;钢混界面滑移量随受火时间增长而增大,底部中筋的滑移量小于角筋;残余抗弯承载力随受火时间增长而线性减小;爆裂深度对残余抗弯承载力的影响程度要高于爆裂面积,跨中1/5跨长位置爆裂对残余抗弯承载力影响最大。     

城市区域光热资源特征

利用昆明城内外辐射、风湿产测资料,分析了昆明地区光温的日变化规律、城内外差异等特征,获得了昆明市有丰富的可利用光热资源的结论。     

硬化路面与温度场响应模型研究

硬化路面是城市热环境效应影响因素中较为重要的一个因素.笔者在研究了深圳市城市热效应的基础上,建立了一个三维动态模型对硬化路面条件下的温度场进行模拟.通过将模型的计算结果和在深圳的实测结果进行对比,发现2条曲线吻合较好,模拟结果十分接近实测结果.模型模拟结果还证明了硬化路面由于铺筑的材料具有较大蓄热、导热的能力,而且透水性差,因此温度升降都很快,对城市的热效应贡献大;城市绿化隔离带对城市温度场具有很好的调节作用,因此合理配置城市中的绿地对城市区域微热环境的改善能够起到很好的作用.