三段式硝化型生物接触氧化反应器的启动及特性

采用实际生活污水,研究了三段式串联的硝化型生物接触氧化反应器的挂膜启动及各段的硝化特性.试验结果表明:利用中间沉淀池出水作为生物接触氧化反应器的进水进行自然挂膜,在无需投加接种污泥的情况下,20d挂膜成熟,NH4+-N的去除率达到98%以上.反应器中随着沿程推流,三段的生物量和生物膜厚度逐渐降低,最大的生物量和生物膜厚度分别为1271.25mg/L和119.45μm.分析各段的硝化特性,发现三段在低温15℃条件下仍具有较高的比硝化速率,并且在同一温度下(15,23,32℃),第2、3段的比硝化速率均大于第1段.针对上述现象,根据比耗氧速率SOUR粗略估计了AOB和NOB在各段中的相对比例.3段AOB的百分比分别为(25.64+4.89)%, (34.59+5.02)%, (42.50+1.57)%,而NOB的百分比为(23.52+3.35)%, (39.65+4.26)%, (40.69+2.19)%. 此外,系统运行125d的FISH结果表明,3段的微生物菌群分布确实存在差异.与第1段相比,后2段的AOB和NOB更容易成为优势菌.     

九里山井田断层构造区应力分析及区域划分

利用空心包体应力解除法对九里山矿进行地应力现场实测,得到不同位置和埋深的地应力实测数据,分析结果验证九里山矿地壳浅部以水平构造应力为主。以九里山井田区域内断层构造为骨架,建立三维有限差分地质模型。根据现场地应力测量结果,利用Flac3D软件进行数值模拟,模拟结果显示,断层存在会对原岩应力造成不同程度的扰动,造成原岩应力分布不均。在以上分析的基础上划分出井田应力增高区,应力降低区及应力梯度区     

垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液处置工艺中溶解性有机物变化特性

采用“物化+生物处理+深度处理”组合工艺处理垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液,探索组合工艺对渗滤液的实际去除效果,考察渗滤液中溶解性有机物(DOM)的组成及其结构特性随组合工艺的变化规律,并对其机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明,当进水COD和氨氮的平均值分别为17825,1946mg/L时,组合工艺对渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率均达到99%左右,出水COD、氨氮、色度分别为57mg/L、5mg/L、15倍.组合工艺对渗滤液DOM中腐殖酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和亲水性有机物(HyI)的去除率均达到99%左右,对HA、FA、HyI削减显著的工艺单元分别为混凝2、厌氧和颗粒活性炭(GAC),削减率分别达到86%、77%和84%.出水HA、FA和HyI的COD浓度分别为10,23,6mg/L,其中分子量较小的FA为出水主要组分.随着组合工艺处理过程的进行,渗滤液中DOM的紫外区吸光度值显著下降,DOM的E254、E253/E203分别由1.55、0.64下降至0.012和0.024,说明DOM的芳香性和复杂程度显著降低,脂肪链芳香化合物逐渐增加;此外,E300/E400和E465/E665分别由2.65和2.17增加至9.78和8.03,表明渗滤液中溶解性有机物腐殖化程度不断降低,芳香构化程度不断减小.     

UV-C辐照对河水溶解有机质降解及微生物可利用性的影响

从黄浦江及其上游支流采集表层水样,进行了微生物培养、UV-C辐照和微生物再培养等处理过程,测定水样ρ(DOC)(DOC为溶解有机碳)、紫外可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱,探讨河水DOM(溶解有机质)的光化学降解和微生物可利用性特征. 结果表明:不同处理过程对DOM不同组分去除的贡献率不同,黄浦江河水经微生物培养后,ρ(DOC)和CDOM(有色溶解有机质)含量〔以a₃₃₅(335nm处的吸收系数)计〕分别下降了5%~27%和5%左右,而FDOM(荧光溶解性有机质)含量(以最大荧光强度表示)稍有增加;继续经UV-C辐照24h后,ρ(DOC)和CDOM含量分别下降了7%~36%和79%~96%,而FDOM含量下降了95%以上,说明水体中大部分CDOM和FDOM可通过UV-C辐照去除,并且去除率显著高于微生物降解. UV-C辐照不仅可以降解DOM,而且可以改变DOM的微生物可利用性,其中一部分SLDOM(半活性溶解有机质)经UV-C辐照后能够再次被微生物利用,其中4%~28%的DOC和5%~14%的CDOM可再次被微生物降解.      

酸雨对全生育时期水稻叶绿素荧光的影响

酸雨是全球关注的重大环境污染问题之一,中国亦继西欧和北美之后,成为当今世界第三大酸雨区。光合作用是植物生物量和作物经济产量形成的生理基础,叶绿素荧光常用来判断逆境胁迫对植物光合作用造成的伤害。有研究表明,酸雨会对植物叶绿素荧光造成影响,然不同生长阶段植物对逆境的抵抗能力亦存在差异,采用模拟酸雨（酸雨 pH 值梯度为4.5、3.5、2.5）或模拟天然降水持续胁迫（每隔3天喷施1次）水稻（Oryza sativa）（从幼苗期至灌浆期）,利用原位无损伤叶绿素荧光测定技术（德国Walz公司PAM-210脉冲调制式荧光仪）分别探测和分析幼苗期、分蘖期、孕穗期和灌浆期水稻叶片（处理组和对照组）,研究酸雨对全生育期水稻叶绿素荧光的影响,相关研究未见报道。结果表明,与CK相比,pH 4.5酸雨使幼苗期和孕穗期初始荧光（Fo）显著提高了7.69%、8.84%,使幼苗期、分蘖期和孕穗期非光化学猝灭参数（qN）显著提高了8.64%、4.86%、6.09%,使幼苗期和孕穗期最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）,PSII电子传递速率（ETR）,实际原初光能捕获效率（ΦPSII）,光化学猝灭参数（qP）显著降低,幼苗期、孕穗期降幅依次为Fv/Fm（3.01%、6.88%）、ETR（8.40%、10.24%）、ΦPSII（8.39%、12.23%）、qP（3.79%、12.55%）;pH 3.5、pH 2.5酸雨不同程度地显著降低了各生育时期Fv/Fm、ETR、ΦPSII、qP,幼苗期和孕穗期qN,显著提高了各生育时期Fo,且随酸雨pH值降低,变化幅度增大。同时,pH 4.5或pH 3.5酸雨持续胁迫下,水稻受到伤害大小规律为灌浆期＆lt;幼苗期＆lt;分蘖期＆lt;孕穗期;pH 2.5酸雨持续胁迫下,水稻受到伤害大小规律为分蘖期＜幼苗期＜灌浆期＜孕穗期。总之,酸雨胁迫强度与水稻叶绿素荧光参数存在剂量-效应关系,酸雨持续胁迫会对不同生育时期水稻光合作用造成影响,并且不同生育时期水稻光合作用对酸雨胁迫敏感性存在差异,这些是评价酸雨胁迫对植物影响时需考虑因素。     

基于流式细胞特性的LNA和HNA细菌相关性研究

采用流式细胞技术分析了7种不同陆地环境介质中LNA和HNA细菌的浓度变化及流式细胞特性特征.结果显示,在水体和土壤等环境中都存在LNA和HNA细菌的分类,其中,土壤环境中LNA细菌浓度(10⁷~10⁸cells/g数量级)高于水环境中浓度(10⁵~10⁶cells/mL数量级),但其相对比重(29.80%~33.94%)低于水环境(除地下水外,21.60%)中LNA细菌(42.25%~65.92%),主成分分析(PCA)显示水体和土壤环境介质中LNA和HNA流式细胞参数具有明显差异;相关分析表明,LNA与HNA细菌的流式细胞参数(绿色荧光信号FL1和侧向散色信号SSC)之间具有显著相关性(FL1:R²=0.711, P<0.01, SSC:R²=0.762, P<0.01),在不同生态系统中SSC变异大于FL1变异.结果表明,LNA和HNA细菌之间既不是各自对应的某一特殊生理阶段细菌,也不是两个完全相互独立的细菌群体,而是具有特殊共变关系的细菌.     

基于协调联动的电力无脚本演练情景模型研究

为了实现无脚本演练,提高电力企业应急演练的成效。在分析电力企业内外部协调联动关系的基础上,借鉴霍尔三维结构模型原理,提出情景模型分为三个维度,即组织逻辑维、处置知识维、事件时间维,分析了各个维度的组成内容与逻辑关系,并根据无脚本演练的特点,将情景规则作为在情景模型的要素之一,进而构建了电力无脚本演练情景模型。将模型在实际应急演练中进行了应用,为合理设计电力无脚本演练情景提供了支持。     

三维荧光光谱解析城市污水有机物的去除特征

利用荧光区域积分结合物料平衡计算及多元直接梯度分析,考察强化除磷-硫自养系统对低COD/TN比市政污水中有机物、氮和磷污染物的去除特性.结果表明,在进水COD/TN比为4.5～6.0的条件下,强化除磷-硫自养系统出水中的TN、NH₄⁺-N和TP浓度分别降至1.31、1.11和0.23mg/L,其去除率分别达到了96.3%、96.0%和86.9%.强化除磷-硫自养系统对荧光区域Ⅰ～Ⅴ标准积分体积的去除率分别为73.7%、64.3%、50.6%、61.3%和28.1%.物料平衡计算表明,非曝气区对荧光区域Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ的物质有明显的去除效果;好氧区对荧光区域Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ的物质有明显的去除效果.多元直接梯度分析表明,磷的释放过程可能与溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光区中的有机物相关,而自养的硝化反应、吸磷过程和有机物的去除可在好氧区达到统一.     

Effect of long-term application of corn stalks and inorganic fertilizers on fluorescence characteristics of water extractable organic matter in a meadow black soil of northeast China

ABSTRACT

Returning crop residues into fields, either alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer, is considered as a practical way to enhance soil fertility. However, information concerning the effects of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer application on water extractable organic matter (WEOM) in soil is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the 10-year effect of corn residue (CR) return with or without the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer on the quantity and quality of WEOM in a black soil of northeast China by means of ultraviolet absorbance, fluorescence excitation--emission matrix, and derived spectroscopic indices. The application of NPK fertilizers and CR, alone or together, increased the content of total soil organic carbon (SOC), water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), and ratio of WEOC/SOC, with the sequence being NPK + CR > CR > NPK > CK. Compared with control treatment, the individual application of NPK fertilizer decreased the aromaticity of WEOM. In contrast, elevated proportion of tryptophan-like fluorophore and microbially derived fulvic acid-like components with low molecular weight was detected in the WEOM. The amendment with CR alone resulted in increase in aromaticity of WEOM and proportion of plant-derived humic acid-like component with large molecular weight, accompanied by reduced proportion of tyrosine-like compounds. For the soil with CR restoration, the application of NPK fertilizer increased aromaticity of WEOM, and large molecular weight fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like compounds were found. However, the proportions of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like compounds were diminished. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of WEOM using fluorescence spectroscopy describes responses to be observed in long-term different fertilization strategies.     

The implications of planting mode on cadmium uptake and remobilization in rice: Field experiments across growth stages

•Direct seeding (DS) method led to more distributed Cd in aerial parts of rice. •The Cd content was significantly higher in brown rice with planting mode of DS. •Using DS lessened the Fe plaque covering the root surface in all growth stages. •Transplantation mode should be considered as a priority in Cd-contaminated areas. Global rice production practices have gradually changed from a reliance on transplanting to direct seeding. Yet how this shift may alter cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice is poorly known. Here we conducted field experiments with two rice genotypes cultivars that were planted using three methods: via direct seeding (DS), seedling throwing (ST), and manual transplanting (MT). Rice samples were collected during four growth stages. The formation and distribution of iron plaque were analyzed using DCB (dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate) extractions and observed under micro-XRF (micro X-ray fluorescence). The results revealed that, in each growth stage, DS rice was more apt to harbor Cd distributed in the plant’s aerial parts, and the Cd concentration of brown rice from DS was 21.8%–43.3% significantly higher than those from ST and MT at maturity stage (p<0.05). During the vegetative stages, the Cd uptake percentage was higher in DS than MT rice, and those plants arising from the DS method were capable of absorbing more Cd earlier in their growth and development. Conversely, using DS decreased the amount of iron plaque covering the root surface in every growth stage, especially in the critical period of Cd accumulation, such that the roots’ middle areas were distinguished by a near-complete absence of iron plaque, thus weakening its role as an effective barrier to Cd uptake from soil. Collectively, this study demonstrated that implementing the DS mode of planting will increase Cd’s distribution in the aboveground parts of rice, and heightening the risk of Cd contamination in grain.