天然气管道水平定向钻穿越事故及其后果分析

水平定向钻穿越施工以其导向准确、施工周期短、综合成本低等众多优点,越来越多地被应用于天然气管道工程。本文运用故障树分析方法,对天然气管道水平定向钻穿越施工中存在的导向孔质量不合格、预扩孔失败、管道回拖失败、地面塌陷、环境污染、人员伤亡等事故及其后果进行了识别和分析,辨识出天然气管道水平定向钻穿越事故及其后果的二十一个主要影响因素,把其归纳为施工事故和管理事故两大类,并提出相应控制措施将定向钻穿越事故及其后果降低至最低水平,在天然气管道水平定向钻穿越的安全施工方面具有重要的工程应用价值和现实意义。     

关于“总量”问题的思考

对有关总量（水体纳污总量、污染物排放总量和目标断面通量）的内涵及总量监测技术的关键环节（布点采样、项目频次、实验室分析和数据处理方法）进行了论述     

Dust deposition in a sub-tropical opencast coalmine area, India

This paper provides baseline information about the total annual dust fall, and its constituents and seasonal variation, from a sub-tropical opencast coalmine area in Bina, India. Dust samples were collected monthly for 2 years (June 2002-May 2004) from five sampling sites in the region and analyzed in the laboratory for water-soluble and -insoluble matter. Water-insoluble components constituted the major fraction of the total annual dust fall. Two-way ANOVA indicated significant variations in dust fall at different sites, over the months and in their interactions. The dust deposition rate was highest during summer (March-June), followed by winter (November-February) and lowest in the rainy season (July-October). Maximum dust fall was observed near the coal handling plant (at site 2) followed by the receiving pit of the coal handling plant (site 3), near the main sub-station (site 4), Jawahar colony (site 1) and Gharasari village (site 5). An inverse and significant relation was observed between dust fall and precipitation. Our studies have shown that the main residential areas are experiencing higher levels of dust fall which makes them unsuitable for living. We suggest that residential areas should be moved farther away from the mining area in the opposite direction of prevalent winds.     

Reducing commercial fishing deck hazards with engineering solutions for winch design

INTRODUCTION: The majority (67%) of hospitalized injuries among Alaska commercial fishermen are associated with deck machinery. This paper describes the "Prevention Through Design" process to mitigate one serious machinery entanglement hazard posed by a capstan deck winch. METHODS: After observing that the capstan winch provides no entanglement protection and the hydraulic controls are usually out of reach of the entangled person, NIOSH personnel met with fishermen and winch manufacturers to discuss various design solutions to mitigate these hazards. RESULTS: An emergency-stop ("e-stop") system was developed that incorporated a momentary contact button that when pushed, switches a safety-relay that de-energizes the solenoid of an electro-hydraulic valve stopping the rotating winch. The vessel owners that had the e-stop installed enthusiastically recommend it to other fishermen. NIOSH entered into a Proprietary Technology Licensing Agreement with a company to develop the system for commercial use. CONCLUSIONS: This is an example of a practical engineering control that effectively protects workers from a hazardous piece of equipment by preventing injuries due to entanglement. This solution could reduce these types of debilitating injuries and fatalities in this industry.     

北京道路降尘排放特征研究

道路扬尘是城市大气颗粒物主要来源之一,本研究采用降尘法监测北京道路扬尘并分析降尘排放特征。对北京不同类型道路共40条,每条道路布置2个降尘监测点,并对背景降尘值进行了监测,道路降尘(DFr)与背景降尘(DFb)的差值作为道路自身降尘(ΔDF)。结果显示,快速路、主干道、次干道和支路的ΔDF分别为18.9、13.9、9.9和9.7 t/(km2.30 d),降尘值比例为100∶74∶52∶51,单辆车引起的降尘比例为1.00∶2.55∶5.20∶5.67;夏季道路降尘量最大,其次为冬季。以一年为周期,道路月均降尘为ΔDF,则1~4月份交通降尘量为0.72~0.94ΔDF,5~8月份降尘量为1.10~1.30ΔDF,9~12月份月降尘量为0.96~0.99ΔDF;不同类型道路ΔDF数据均呈偏态分布,道路降尘不同季节也均为偏态分布。道路降尘量与车流量呈正线性相关。     

国家标准GB/T23469-2009《坠落防护 连接器》解读

国家标准GB/T 24569-2009《坠落防护连接器》规定了连接器的一般要求、技术性能、测试方法及标识。本文从标准适用范围、连接器分类、一般要求、技术性能等方面对该标准进行了解读,并结合我国连接器近些年的发展现状简述了标准对行业的推动作用,以加深相关方对该标准的理解和重视,促进其在连接器生产及检测方面的指导作用。     

环境影响评价需要新的突破

中国环境影响评价已取得巨大成绩，在项目建设、区域发展中起着重要的作用，成为环境保护的重要保证手段。但中国环境影响评价依然存在十分突出的问题，还不能充分发挥其应有的功能。为此，环境影响评价应坚持正确的价值观，要打破环评单位隶属于项目建设单位的主从关系，环境单位要有独立行使调整、考察、分析、评价和下环评结论的权利；环境影响评价的时间要适时、充分，杜绝项目先上马后补环评，或项目要上马临时补环评的做法；战略环评应在宏观发展战略发挥更大的作用，成为国家宏观调控的有力工具之一；要构建环评的公共服务信息平台，反对信息部门垄断和数据虚假；环评方法贵在创新、重在实用，要积极应用新方法、新技术，反对数学方法与模型的滥用。     

落差指数法的Matlab实现及其在大通水文站的应用

河流水位与流量的关系曲线常表现为单一或复式绳套,而对流量进行单值化处理后,则可获得与水位之间确定的函数关系,从而可以提高在受潮汐影响时推流精度,为实际工作中的水文资料整编带来可靠方法.在明确落差指数法数学原理的基础上,编写了相应的Matlab函数datong_Q.m.并且以大通水文站2008年-2012年实测的水位和流量为例,获得该段时期内的对应参数.与目前工作中采用的连时序法相比,单值化方法在结果精确的同时,还具有求解方便、计算快捷等特点,因而具有较强的实际应用价值.     

纳米碳孔金属化直接电镀技术

纳米碳直接电镀的出现对传统的PTH是个挑战,它最大的特点就是替代传统的化学镀铜工艺,利用物理作用形成的导电膜就可以直接进行电镀。工艺程序简便,减少了控制因素,与传统PTH制程相比,使用药品数量减少,生产周期大大缩短,生产效率大幅度提高,环境友好,污水处理费用减少,使印制电路板制造的总成本降低。     

大气干湿沉降对城市景观水体水质影响的评价

选择上海城市化地区的绿地、水体、道路、工地及空中5个类型的环境区域,定期收集大气干湿沉降。测定其大气沉降通量及CODCr、TN、TP的沉降量,并计算分析了其对城市景观水体水质的影响。研究结果表明：在仅受大气干湿沉降影响的条件下,水质处于地表水V类中值、水深为0.5m、1.0m、1.5m和2.0m的城市景观水体,经过28d、54d、83d和214d即可转变为劣V类水体。通过实例分析,提出了应对大气干湿沉降影响的水质保持措施。研究成果为城市景观水体的水质保育提供了评价依据与借鉴。