Bio- and toxic elements in mushrooms from the city of Umeå and outskirts,Sweden

Edible mushrooms (Albatrellus ovinus, Boletus edulis, Clitocybe odora, Gomphidius glutinosus, Leccinum scabrum, Leccinum versipelle, Lycoperdon perlatum, Suillus bovinus, Suillus luteus, and Xerocomus subtomentosus) collected from unpolluted areas of the city of Umeå and its outskirts in the northern part of Sweden were examined for contents of toxic metallic elements (Cd, Pb, and Ag) and essential macro- and microelements (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) using a validated method and a final measurement by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS). The median values of the toxic metallic element concentrations (in mg kg^?1 dry biomass, db) ranged from: 0.12–3.9, 0.46–5.1, and 0.91–6.2 for Ag, Cd and Pb, respectively. For the essential metallic elements, the median values of concentrations ranged from: 24000–58000, 15–2000, 59–610, 520–1900, 2.0–97, 16–150, 15–120, and 4.3–26 mg kg^?1 db for K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn, respectively. The baseline concentrations of the metallic elements determined in mushrooms were mainly affected by the fungal species. The assessed probable maximal dietary intake of Cd (0.002 mg kg^?1 body mass) solely from a mushroom meal was only slightly below a revised value of the tolerable weekly intake for this element, while for Pb (0.003 mg kg^?1 body mass) it was tenfold below the provisionally tolerable weekly intake.     

微量营养物质影响活性污泥法处理难降解工业废水效果的研究进展

针对工业废水难生物降解的问题,综述了通过添加微量营养物质影响活性污泥法处理难降解工业废水效果的研究进展,介绍了微量营养物质的分类,总结了微量金属元素和维生素等不同种类微量营养物质及其适宜浓度对微生物生长的作用以及对污泥法处理难降解工业废水效果的影响。指出:补充必要的微量营养物质是提高难降解工业废水处理效果的可行的优化策略,但是需要针对工业废水可生化性和营养需求的特点有的放矢地进行补充;另外需要对各种微量营养物质促进污染物降解的代谢途径进行研究。     

Chemical composition of selected seaweeds from the Indian Ocean,KwaZulu-Natal coast,South Africa

The chemical composition of three edible seaweeds (Codium capitatum, Hypnea spicifera and Sargassum elegans) and two inedible seaweeds (Halimeda cuneata and Spyridia hypnoides) from the Indian Ocean along the KwaZulu-Natal East Coast, South Africa were investigated as a function of seasonal variation. The proximate compositions of the edible seaweeds were determined. In edible seaweeds, the moisture level ranged from 85.4 to 89.5%, protein from 6.1 to 11.8%, lipids from 7.5 to 13.1% and carbohydrates from 37.8 to 71.9%. Elemental concentrations in the five studied seaweeds varied significantly with season (P < 0.05) with mean elemental concentrations (in µg g^?1, dry weight) being: Ca (29 260), Mg (6 279), Fe (1 086), Cu (145.9), Mn (48.32), As (24.29), Zn (15.65), Ni (9.83), Cr (5.78), Pb (4.84), Co (0.87) and Se (0.86). The concentrations of As were particularly high in S. elegans, ranging from 94.70 ± 6.6 µg g^?1 in winter to 65.10 ± 2.3 µg g^?1 in summer. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed similar distribution of elements in edible seaweeds which was dissimilar to that in inedible seaweeds. This study suggests that edible macro alga, C. capitatum and H. spicifera, could be potential sources of most essential nutrients and may contribute positively to the diet without posing the risk of adverse health effects due to low concentrations of toxic elements. However, due to high levels of As in S. elegans, its consumption should be moderated to reduce dietary exposure to this toxic element.     

Analytical methods and validation for determining trace elements in red wines

The objective of this work is to quantify As, Hg, Cd, Ni and Pb in Portuguese red wines. First, the methods for the quantification of trace elements in red wines were validated. Several pre-treatments were compared, namely a pre-digestion process with HNO₃, a pre-oxidation step with H₂O₂, and a spiking step of wine samples with a known concentration of the trace elements analyzed. Except for As, it was determined that the quantification of the trace elements does not require a pre-digestion process with HNO₃. For all of the trace elements analyzed, a pre-oxidation step with H₂O₂ may enable an accurate quantification. The techniques chosen for the quantification of trace elements were hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) for As and Hg, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) for Cd, and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for Ni and Pb. In the second stage of this work, 25 Portuguese red wines spanning all of the red wine-producing regions were analyzed for all of the five trace elements referred to above. Only Cd and Pb have shown concentrations above the limit values defined by the “Organization Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin.” The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) equation was used to determine in which wine-producing regions that wine consumption can be a problem for public health in terms of the concentrations of the five trace elements analyzed. THQ values have indicated that for the universe of the 25 red wines analyzed no region produces wines that can pose problems for public health, when the Portuguese red wine standard consumption is considered.     

WF-8型在线富集进样器应用于水中痕量CuPbCd测定的研究

用 WF 8型在线富集进样器与火焰原子吸收光度计联用 ,应用于水中痕量 Cu、Pb、Cd的测定 ,其富集倍数分别是 1 2 2、1 3 6和 94倍 ,测定的精密度分别是 3 7%、2 8%和 3 9% ,检出限分别是 0 4 7、1 3和 0 2 2μg L,在地表水样中的加标回收率分别为 94 2 %～ 1 0 0 %、98 8%～ 1 0 7%和 1 0 8%～ 1 2 0 % ,并对 WF 8型进样器与火焰原子吸收光度计的成功联用 ,提出了一种新操作程序。     

燃煤痕量元素转化、排放及控制的研究进展

综述了煤燃烧过程中痕量元素转化、排放规律及实用的控制技术,重点介绍了当前最受关注的汞排放控制技术,并反映了量子化学在燃煤痕量元素研究中的最新应用。分析了燃煤痕量元素研究存在问题及发展方向。     

Anthropogenic influences on a mediterranean Nature Reserve: modelling and forecasting

The lagoon of Biguglia (northeastern Corsica) is one of a number Nature Reserve. Anthropogenic activities are increasing over its watershed however. The present study aims to examine the state of health of the lagoon with the example of two pollutants (Cd and Cu). Water samples were collected in spring and summer 1997. The trace metal fluxes between the various compartments were measured. Transfer processes from the watershed to the lagoon were also examined. The temporal evolution of Cd and Cu content is assessed on the one hand by comparing the present data with former reference work (1992). On the other hand, a 5-box model is implemented in order to reduce the complex functioning of the lagoon to a system of differential equations. With the help of a numerical resolution method, the increase of metallic concentration levels is estimated since 1992. On the basis of 1997 data, two hypotheses are compared. The hypothesis that takes into account a growing increase of anthropogenic activities on the watershed gives, by extrapolation, results that are closer to field measurements. However, even with this hypothesis, the cadmium content in the lagoon is underestimated. This may signify that for this metal the evolution of the lagoon pollution is more important than a linear increase.     

饮用水源地痕量有毒有害污染物环境健康风险评价

水源地环境污染的健康风险包括化学物的致癌风险、躯体损害风险和辐射伤害风险,通过各自的剂量-反应关系,可建立3类风险的计算模型。在对部分参数进行适应性调整的基础上,运用这些模型对扬州市四水厂进行了分析评价。结果表明,该水源地水体中痕量有毒有害污染物所致健康危害总风险值为4.87×10-8a-1,远低于EPA推荐的风险限值,削减具有潜在致癌效应的卤代烃类排放是控制风险的关键。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定水中痕量元素

应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对水样(地表水、饮用水等)中铜、锌、硒、砷、镉、铬、铅、铁、锰等痕量元素进行分析测定。结果表明,方法检出限为0.01~0.78μg/L,平行测定的相对标准偏差为0.6%~7.9%,实际水样加标回收率为90.5%~103%。该方法快速、简便、线性范围大,具有良好的检出限和准确度。