Ozone Episode in the Milan Metropolitan Area A Comparative Evaluation of UAM-V and CALGRID Models

Data from an ozone episode (2–5 June, 1998) in the Milan metropolitan area were used for an application of two photochemical grid models: UAM-V and CALGRID. To assure a fair comparison, the models were run on the same domain and grid size, with same source emission inputs, CALMET diagnostic meteorology, and initial and boundary conditions taken from air quality data and literature values. Hourly emissions were derived from the AutoOil-II programme inventory except for on-road mobile source emissions; a new traffic emission inventory, based on both COPERT II methodology and road classification has been developed. NO_x and O₃ concentration results were compared to local network monitoring data. Results indicate that both models predict the highest ozone values along the north-east direction and are able to reproduce the ozone daytime trend though differences can be found between the two models on ozone spatial distribution. Average normalised bias for both models is about 50%, peak daily ozone concentrations are underestimated, with simulated peak shapes broader than the observed ones and a temporal shift between the two models. Night-time concentration levels of pollutants were not successfully reproduced due to an incorrect parameterisation of vertical turbulence calling for further work.     

The effect of elevated UV-B (280–320 nm) radiation levels on Silene vulgaris: A comparison between a highland and a lowland population

Highland (altitude 1600 m above sea level) and lowland (altitude −2 m below sea level) populations of the perennial herb Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, were tested on their response to elevated levels of UV-B radiation. Highland populations typically receive high natural UV-B fluxes, whereas lowland populations receive a lower natural UV-B dose. Adaptation to high UV-B levels of the highland population is to be expected. Experimental comparison of growth rates, gas exchange rates, transpiration and biochemical parameters using adult plants as well as seedlings did not show a difference in the response to elevated UV-B levels between the two populations. Individuals of both populations were relatively insensitive to elevated UV-B radiation. The response of alpine and lowland populations of Silene vulgaris is discussed in relation to the dispersal of this species after the last ice age.     

压裂返排液的超声强化臭氧氧化处理

采用超声强化臭氧氧化技术处理经絮凝、沉降脱固、过滤预处理的页岩气压裂返排液,通过实验室实验优化工艺参数,并在自行研制的超声强化臭氧氧化装置上进行了中试验证。实验结果表明,在反应时间为30min、废水pH为10、废水臭氧质量浓度为40 mg/L、超声波功率为200 W时,COD去除率可达55.2%,处理后水质可满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准的要求。中试试验结果表明,研制的臭氧超声氧化处理装置可形成臭氧氧化、超声空化、水力空化的协同作用,处理后出水COD为90 mg/L,具有一定的推广价值。     

ACUTE RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF SEVERAL WASTEWATER DISINFECTANTS TO AQUATIC LIFE1

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to determine the comparative acute toxicity of chlorine, bromine chloride and ozone in wastewater, and to determine any acute toxicity associated with chlorinated wastewater which had been dechlorinated with sulfur dioxide. Toxicity tests were conducted with several species of cyprinids, salmonids and centrarchids, and the freshwater macroinvertebrate, Daphnia magna. Chlorinated effluent exhibited the greatest potential for residual toxicity of any disinfected stream tested. The reduced residual toxicity of chlorobrominated or ozonated effluent was largely the result of the more rapid dissipation of these disinfectants in wastewater. The acute residual toxicity of chlorinated effluent was eliminated by dechlorination with sulfur dioxide.     

消除DPD法测定水中臭氧浓度干扰因素的研究

研究了Ｈ_２Ｏ_２和其它氧化剂（以过氧化苯甲酰为例）对ＤＰＤ法测定水中臭氧浓度的干扰作用，结果表明，随着ＫＩ浓度或显色时间的增加，Ｈ_２Ｏ_２和其它氧化剂的干扰作用增加，当ＫＩ浓度为０．５ｇ／Ｌ时，可以基本消除这些干扰作用，且当臭氧浓度低于０．６ｍｇ／Ｌ时，不影响臭氧对ＤＰＤ的显色作用。     

京津冀地区严重光化学污染时段O3的时空分布特征

利用MCCM(多尺度气象空气质量模式)对京津冀地区2008年6月严重光化学污染时段的近地面φ(NO_x)和φ(O₃)进行了模拟;同时,为了检验MCCM系统模拟φ(O₃)时空分布的能力,将模拟的气象要素、φ(NO_x)和φ(O₃)与观测数据进行了比对,并利用验证后的模拟结果对该地区严重光化学污染时段O₃时空分布特征进行研究. 结果表明:①MCCM模式可较好地反映气象场和污染物浓度场的时空分布特征. 气温、露点温度和气压的观测值与模拟值的相关系数分别为0.85、0.77和0.95;模拟的化学物种浓度的时空分布与观测结果基本相符. ②城市中心地区φ(NO_x)较高,北京和天津城市地区的φ(NO_x)甚至超过了30×10-9;京津冀平原大部分地区午后14:00φ(O₃)的最大值超过了70×10-9;而太行山沿线φ(O₃)的最大值超过了80×10-9. 结合气象要素的分析表明,午后φ(O₃)在太行山沿线的高值与气压场和流场关系密切. ③利用判断O₃生成敏感性指标——H₂O₂/HNO₃(体积分数比)分析发现,φ(O₃)日最大值和φ(总氧化剂)(总氧化剂=NO₂₊O₃)平均值的高值区域与O₃生成受NO_x和VOCs协同控制的区域极为吻合. 因此,要达到降低区域的光化学污染,应以VOCs的消减为主,同时兼顾NO_x的消减.      

夏季长三角地区臭氧非线性响应曲面模型的建立及应用

2013年8月上旬,长三角地区发生了一次大范围高浓度臭氧污染事件.本研究基于WRF-CMAQ空气质量模型系统,结合长三角地区大气污染物排放清单,构建了臭氧与其前体物之间的非线性响应曲面模型(Response surface modeling,RSM).基于RSM探讨了长三角地区O_3化学的敏感性特征,分析了上海市O_3的来源并预测不同情景下O_3的变化,提出O_3污染的最优控制方案.研究结果表明,长三角地区夏季O3主控因素区域差别较大,上海环科院、杭州卧龙桥、南京玄武湖等城区点位属于VOC控制型;徐州铜山、合肥肥西、丽水青田等郊区属于NOx控制型.O_3的敏感性特征在不同浓度水平下也呈现较大差异,随着O_3浓度水平的升高,各地区NOx敏感性均有所增加.从区域来源来看,远距离传输对平日上海O_3贡献较大,占50%以上;而在O_3污染日,本地及区域贡献为72.1%,而远距离传输贡献下降至27.9%.快速预测了110组减排情景,表明在本地及区域前体物均减排70%的情况下,2013年8月上海O_3浓度能完全达标.     

大气中CO2与O3浓度升高对植物光合作用影响研究

随着工业化进程的加快,两种温室气体CO2和O3在大气中浓度不断升高,对植物光合作用产生重要影响.通过从气体交换参数、光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光特性、光合酶、生物量及产量等多方面分析国内外CO2O3单独作用及复合作用对植物光合过程和机理、光合作用物质基础及光合产物的影响,深入了解两种污染气体作用下植物光合响应机制,以期为植物光合作用分子水平的研究以及有效应对未来全球大气变化提供理论依据.     

非平衡等离子体联合技术降解甲苯气体

采用了自制的纳米钛酸钡基介电材料作为催化剂,以电工陶瓷拉西环作为载体,利用介质阻挡放电产生的非平衡态等离子体对常压下流动态含甲苯的空气进行处理,研究了电场强度、流速、初始浓度及不同填料情况下甲苯的降解及臭氧产生情况,初步探讨了等离子体催化降解甲苯的机理,并进行了产物分析.实验结果表明,电场强度小于13kV·cm-1时,甲苯降解率和臭氧产生浓度随电场强度的提高而上升,随气速和初始浓度的增加而降低;不同填料下降解率及臭氧浓度由大到小排序为有催化剂填料、普通填料、无填料,有催化剂存在时(电场强度为14kV·cm-1,流速为0.3 m3·h-1,甲苯浓度为600 mg·L-1),甲苯降解率最高可达95%.当电场强度>13kV·cm-1时,臭氧浓度因受到过量的高能电子攻击而发生分解.表现为臭氧浓度随电场强度的继续增加而降低.因此,电场强度为13kV·cm-1时,产生的臭氧浓度最高.     

Boundary Layer Evolution and its Influence on Ground-Level Ozone Concentrations

Accurate determination of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height (i.e., mixing height (MH)) is critical to properly simulating pollutant levels with the grid-based photochemical models. In this study, the daytime mixing heights based on the parcel and bulk Richardson number methods are compared with those obtained directly from a numerical mesoscale meteorological model in an effort to evaluate the uncertainties in the estimation of the PBL evolution. Mixing heights are estimated from hourly outputs of meteorological variables of the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model Version 3.3 (MM5V3) with two PBL schemes (Blackadar and Gayno-Seaman) during July 1999 over Philadelphia, PA. An analysis of the diurnal variation in the urban PBL and its influence on ground-level ozone (O₃) levels is presented in this paper. The results indicate that on average, the MHs determined from the bulk Richardson number were larger than those estimated from the parcel method. The MHs from the MM5V3 output were much smaller than those derived from the parcel and bulk Richardson number methods, especially for the Gayno-Seaman scheme that is based on turbulent kinetic energy. The MH and ground-level O₃ concentration have been found to be twice as much on episode days than on non-episode days. The average hourly MH growth rate and O₃ tendency (i.e. rate of change in O₃) were largest during the morning hours (0700 to 1000 eastern standard time (EST)), suggesting that vertical mixing contributes significantly to the accumulation of ground-level O₃ in urban areas in the morning hours.