竹醋酸在堆肥中的应用

以秸杆、锯末和猪粪为原料,以竹醋酸为添加剂进行静态好氧堆肥试验,分析堆肥过程中温度、pH、有机质、TN等的变化情况,比较不同竹醋酸浓度对堆肥的促进作用。在对腐熟后堆肥的分析表明,适宜的竹醋酸浓度可以促进微生物的活性,缩短达到高温所需的时间;跟空白堆体相比,添加竹醋酸的堆体氮损失率降低10%。     

Fluid bed gasification – Plasma converter process generating energy from solid waste: Experimental assessment of sulphur species

Often perceived as a Cinderella material, there is growing appreciation for solid waste as a renewable content thermal process feed. Nonetheless, research on solid waste gasification and sulphur mechanisms in particular is lacking. This paper presents results from two related experiments on a novel two stage gasification process, at demonstration scale, using a sulphur-enriched wood pellet feed.Notable SO₂ and relatively low COS levels (before gas cleaning) were interesting features of the trials, and not normally expected under reducing gasification conditions. Analysis suggests that localised oxygen rich regions within the fluid bed played a role in SO₂’s generation. The response of COS to sulphur in the feed was quite prompt, whereas SO₂ was more delayed. It is proposed that the bed material sequestered sulphur from the feed, later aiding SO₂ generation. The more reducing gas phase regions above the bed would have facilitated COS – hence its faster response. These results provide a useful insight, with further analysis on a suite of performed experiments underway, along with thermodynamic modelling.     

Application of hinokitiol potassium salt for wood preservative

The decay of wood and other cellulosic materials by fungi cause significant economic loss. The widely used chromated copper arsenate was prohibited for the environmental impact and safety of arsenic and chromium. It was found that natural product hinokitiol (HK) had fungicidal and insecticidal activities, and its toxicity was bearable for the environment. We described the practical synthesis of HK-K salt. According to the GB/T18261-2000 and LY/T1283-1998, wood preservative performance of HK-K salt was tested. The results showed that the best inhibitory concentration of HK-K salt was 50 mg/L, for which the prevention effectiveness on mold is better, the killed value is between 0 and 1, and the corrosion-resistant for wood-rotting fungi is grade A.     

Influence of fuel moisture, charge size, feeding rate and air ventilation conditions on the emissions of PM, OC, EC, parent PAHs, and their derivatives from residential wood combustion

Controlled combustion experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of fuel charge size, moisture, air ventilation and feeding rate on the emission factors (EFs) of carbonaceous particulate matter, parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) and their derivatives from residential wood combustion in a typical brick cooking stove. Measured EFs were found to be independent of fuel charge size, but increased with increasing fuel moisture. Pollution emissions from the normal burning under an adequate air supply condition were the lowest for most pollutants, while more pollutants were emitted when an oxygen deficient atmosphere was formed in the stove chamber during fast burning. The impacts of these factors on the size distribution of emitted particles was also studied. Modified combustion efficiency and the four investigated factors explained 68%, 72%, and 64% of total variations in EFs of PM, organic carbon, and oxygenated PAHs, respectively, but only 36%, 38% and 42% of the total variations in EFs of elemental carbon, pPAHs and nitro-PAHs, respectively.     

有机负荷对醋糟厌氧消化系统启动的影响

本研究通过醋糟的中温产甲烷潜力测试实验,考察了有机负荷对醋糟厌氧消化反应器启动的影响.并通过对不同有机负荷条件下的甲烷产量、液相组分的对比分析,结合热重、X射线衍射和红外光谱学方法进行差异表征,结果发现:1较低的有机负荷有利于缓解醋糟中有机物水解酸化过程中VFAs的积累和pH的下降,保证产甲烷过程的稳定进行.当接种物与基质VS比为1∶1[即有机负荷(以VS计)为1.78 g·(L·d)~(-1),pH=7.60]时的累积甲烷产量最高,达2 249.7 m L.随着有机负荷的提高,VFAs的累积浓度随之升高,使产甲烷过程受到不同程度的抑制并相继终止,且在接种物与基质VS比为1∶4时[即有机负荷为7.12 g·(L·d)~(-1),pH=5.52]实现了乙酸和乳酸的同步发酵(分别可达到8 000 mg·L~(-1)和2 650 mg·L~(-1)).2醋糟中木质纤维素类物质为短程有序的微晶结构或非晶结构,与富含纤维素类晶体结构物质的玉米秸秆等相比,其VS的降解率更高.醋糟中的木质素、纤维素、半纤维素的降解率随着有机负荷的降低而逐渐升高.     

醋糟高效厌氧消化体系构建

运用高固态厌氧消化模式,通过提高反应体系均质程度和沼液回流等手段,逐步提升物料负荷,对未经预处理的醋糟进行厌氧消化处理,成功构建了醋糟高效厌氧消化体系.结果表明,在反应体系物料负荷达到6.15 g·(L·d)~(-1)时表现出最佳的厌氧消化性能,单位干物料产沼气量为396 m L·g~(-1),单位干物料产甲烷量为211 m L·g~(-1).该物料负荷下半纤维素降解率达到63.66%,是醋糟厌氧消化性能提高的主要原因.纤维素、木质素的降解率分别为21.46%、24.43%,较低的降解效率主要是由于木质素中的苯环结构难以降解,并阻碍纤维素酶的水解作用,对纤维素降解产生屏蔽效应.     

A Two‐Decade Watershed Approach to Stream Restoration Log Jam Design and Stream Recovery Monitoring: Finney Creek,Washington

A federal, state, and private partnership leveraged resources and employed a long‐term, systematic approach to improve aquatic habitat degraded by decades of intensive forest management in Finney Creek, a tributary to the Skagit River of Northwest Washington State. After more than a decade of work to reduce sediment sources and the risk of landslides within the watershed, log jam installation commenced in 1999 and progressed downstream through 2010. Log jam design was adapted as experience was gained. A total of 181 log jams, including 60 floating log ballasted jams, were constructed along 12 km of channel. The goal was to alter hydraulic processes that affect aquatic habitat formation along 39 km of stream with emphasis on 18.5 km of lower Finney Creek. Aquatic habitat surveys over a five‐year period show an increase in the area of large pools and an accompanying increase in residual and maximum pool depth in the lower river reach. Channel cross sections show a generally deeper channel at the log jams, better channel definition in the gravel deposits at the head of the log jams, and improved riffle and thalweg development below the log jams. Stream temperature in the upper river decreased by 1.0°F in the first three years, and 1.1°F in the lowest treated reach over nine years. There is a trend of less stream heating over the restoration time period. Photo points show that riparian vegetation is recolonizing gravel bars.     

Biomolecules preserved in ca. 168 million year old fossil conifer wood

Biomarkers are widely known to occur in the fossil record, but the unaltered biomolecules are rarely reported from sediments older than Paleogene. Polar terpenoids, the natural products most resistant to degradation processes, were reported mainly from the Tertiary conifers, and the oldest known are Cretaceous in age. In this paper, we report the occurrence of relatively high concentrations of ferruginol derivatives and other polar diterpenoids, as well as their diagenetic products, in a conifer wood Protopodocarpoxylon from the Middle Jurassic of Poland. Thus, the natural product terpenoids reported in this paper are definitely the oldest polar biomolecules detected in geological samples. The extracted phenolic abietanes like ferruginol and its derivatives (6,7-dehydroferruginol, sugiol, 11,14-dioxopisiferic acid) are produced only by distinct conifer families (Cupressaceae s. l., Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae), to which Protopodocarpoxylon could belong based on anatomical characteristics. Therefore, the natural product terpenoids are of great advantage in systematics of fossil plant remains older than Paleogene and lacking suitable anatomical preservation.     

基于UD-PLS对牛粪堆制Cu和Zn钝化预测模型的研究

选取钝化材料木醋液和影响堆肥质量的关键因素:含水量和C/N,每个因素安排6个水平,利用均匀设计进行多因素多水平试验,对试验结果进行偏最小二乘回归分析,建立对重金属的钝化预测模型.结果表明:木醋液添加比例为0.50%、含水量为40%和C/N为40时,Cu和Zn的钝化效果均达到最大值,分别为13.5%和30.2%;其中重金属Cu的钝化预测模型为 ,其中交叉有效性为 ,模型达到精度要求;重金属Zn的钝化预测模型为 ,其中交叉有效性为 ,模型达到精度要求.针对多因素多水平的复杂堆肥系统中,将均匀设计与偏最小二乘法有机耦合,有效地解决了试验次数多、因素间多重相关性的问题,从而使模型精度和实用性都得到提高.     

煤及木材燃烧飞灰中有毒金属形态分布

选取３各燃煤产生的飞灰颗粒物和一种燃木产生的飞灰作为研究对象,为了更好地了解颗粒物上有毒金属被浸取进入液相情况,分析３种不同浸取剂（二乙三氯五乙酸（ＤＴＰＡ）、乙二胺四乙酸（ＥＤＴＡ）和氨三乙酸（ＮＴＡ））的提取液中有毒金属Ｐｂ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ａｓ、Ｓｒ等的含量。结果表明,金属浓度因飞灰种类、浸取剂种类及金属本身类型不同而不同。由于颗粒物上金属的生物可利用性、毒性及可流